Coordination Funds

植物所克服的最显著的挑战之一是大约5亿年前发生的从水到陆地的转变（植物陆地化）。这种栖息地的变化不可避免地需要分子适应来应对一系列新的压力。植物的陆地化还通过地球大气和土壤覆盖的改变引起了巨大的变化，为我们所知的地球生命提供了条件。片生植物包括三个谱系的链藻（绿藻）藻类以及陆地植物（胚藻）。从链菌谱系进化而来，最早的陆地植物利用真菌共生来获取无机营养物质，这被认为对植物生命的栖息地转变有帮助。最初形态上的原始植物进化出了一种复杂性，使它们能够征服更多的栖息地。由于在征服土地的过程中栖息地发生了剧烈的变化，推断陆地化过程背后的分子适应有望获得重要的知识。这对于了解植物的进化和对环境变化的适应，以及将这些知识转移到其他学科都具有特殊的意义。通过一种新颖的比较和功能进化方法，包括叶藻和非种子植物作为模型，该优先计划将研究支持对陆地条件和植物复杂性进化的戏剧性环境适应的遗传机制。MAdLand优先项目的研究将揭示植物形态学、生理学、生物化学、细胞生物学和生物相互作用的适应性进化的遗传机制，并将确定种子植物多样性进化过程的祖先。该方案中的项目将解决早期陆地植物陆地化和进化的突出问题：•哪些特征使征服陆地在绿叶淡水藻类中进化？•早期陆地植物进化过程中分子适应的继承和本质是什么？胚胎发生和世代交替是如何进化的？•植物与真菌和细菌的有机相互作用是如何进化的？•对非生物和生物胁迫的耐受性的分子进化驱动因素是什么？MAdLand将利用广泛的生物学方法和跨学科知识，从系统发育、分子、生理、遗传和细胞生物学方法到生物相互作用和生物多样性的研究。为了最大限度地发挥协同作用和交叉参考数据的潜力，本优先计划将采用以下模式生物：•Charophyceae和Zygnematophyceae各一种生物•Anthoceros agrestis（角苔）•Marchantia polymorpha（苔）•Physcomitrella patens（苔藓）•Ceratopteris richardii和Azolla filiculoides（蕨类）

One of the most remarkable challenges mastered by plants was the water-to-land-transition (plant terrestrialization) that occurred some 500 million years ago. This change in habitat inevitably required molecular adaptations to cope with an array of new stresses. Plant terrestrialization also caused a dramatic change through the transformation of Earth’s atmosphere and soil cover, priming Earth for life as we know it. The Phragmoplastophyta comprise three lineages of streptophyte (charophyte) algae as well as the land plants (Embryophyta). Evolving from the streptophyte lineage, the earliest land plants made use of fungal symbioses to gain access to inorganic nutrients, thought to have been instrumental for the habitat transi-tion of plant life. Initially morphologically primitive plants evolved a complexity that allowed them to conquer ever more habitats. Due to the drastic habitat change during the conquest of land, inference of molecular adaptations underlying the process of terrestrialization promises a significant gain of knowledge. This is of special interest both in order to understand plant evolution and adaptation to environmental changes, and for the transfer of such knowledge to other disciplines. By a novel comparative and functional evolutionary approach, encompassing charophyte algae and non-seed plants as models, this Priority Programme will study the genetic mechanisms underpinning the dramatic environmental adaptation to conditions on land and the evolution of plant complexity. Research in the Priority Programme MAdLand will unravel the genetic mechanisms underlying adaptive evolution of plant morphology, physiology, biochemistry, cell biology and biotic interactions, and it will identify the ancestry of processes from which the diversity of seed plants evolved.Projects within this programme will address outstanding questions of early land plant terrestrialization and evolution:• Which features enabling conquest of land evolved in charophyte freshwater algae?• What is the succession and nature of molecular adaptations in early land plant evolution?• How did embryogenesis and the alternation of generations evolve?• How did organismic interaction of plants with fungi and bacteria evolve?• What are the molecular evolutionary drivers of tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses?MAdLand will make use of a broad suite of biological methods and cross-discipline knowledge, ranging from phylogenetic, molecular, physiological, genetic and cell biological approaches to the study of organismic interaction and biodiversity. To maximise the potential for synergies and cross-referencing of data, the following model organisms will be employed in this Priority Programme:• One organism each from Charophyceae and Zygnematophyceae• Anthoceros agrestis (hornwort)• Marchantia polymorpha (liverwort)• Physcomitrella patens (moss)• Ceratopteris richardii and Azolla filiculoides (ferns)