Updating Risk: Motivational Preparedness Factors of Risk Perceptions, Risk Taking, and Coping Through Self-Regulation

在我们第一个资助期关于动态风险认知和风险承担的动机决定因素的结果的基础上，我们将继续调查人们如何应对关键事件的暴露。我们将根据个人的心态(准备)来确定情感的不同影响。我们将探索通过思维模式的诱导来改变个体准备是否会影响对富含情感的信息和动机干预的开放性。此外，我们将调查IF-THEN计划如何帮助人们在不同领域(例如，社会、健康)减少外部影响风险承担。在工作包1中，我们将继续我们在实验室中关于PEC周期轨迹的工作(即，在气球模拟风险任务中的风险承担)。更具体地说，我们将探索情感贫乏与情感丰富的反馈信息(即关键事件本身的变化)的作用，以系统地验证思维定势理论中新的、包含情感的预测。为此，我们将实验性地操纵BART中的暴露和通过心态诱导进行准备。在工作包2中，我们将加深我们对心态诱导在应对危险饮酒个人动机干预方面的影响的理解。我们基于我们的观察，即工具思维与动机访谈的结合会影响实际的风险行为，但不会影响风险认知。我们将对学生样本中与酒精相关的风险认知进行新的评估。此外，我们将针对潜在的潜在过程(例如，对变化的抵制、承诺)，以及补偿和泛化效应，包括对替代材料的评估。在工作包3中，我们将调查外部和内部对冒险行为的影响是否可以通过专注于任务绩效的IF-THEN计划进行自我调节。我们期望这类计划将成为处理重大事件风险的有益应对工具。在一个实验中，我们将服用一定剂量的睾丸素，并调查其对BART中冒险行为和社会冒险行为的影响。在另外两项研究中，我们将重点关注令人不快的背景噪音和附带的愤怒对冒险行为的影响。我们的研究问题与这些影响有关，尽管在意识之外操作是否可以通过专注于任务绩效的假设-那么计划来自我调节。总的来说，P6关注于应对风险暴露的动态方面。它与思维方式对信息处理的影响与P1的“传染性风险感知”以及对P8的动机干预的“病理性风险”的兴趣相同。通过我们在研究酒精消费和荷尔蒙对冒险行为的影响方面的重叠，我们将进一步从分别与P4“为风险做好准备”和P9“压力风险”的交流中受益匪浅。

Building on our results of the first funding period regarding the motivational determinants of dynamic risk perception and risk taking, we will continue to investigate how people cope with exposure to critical events. We will target the different influences of affect depending on the individual’s mindset (preparedness). We will explore whether changes in the individual preparedness through the induction of mindsets influences the openness for affect-rich information and motivational interventions. Moreover, we will investigate how if-then plans can help people to mitigate external influences on risk taking in different domains (e.g., social, health).In Work Package 1, we will continue our work on PEC cycle trajectories in the laboratory (i.e., risk taking in the Balloon Analogue Risk Task, BART). More specifically, we will explore the role of affect-poor versus affect-rich feedback information (i.e., changes in the critical event itself) to systematically validate new, affect-incorporating predictions of mindset theory. To this end, we will experimentally manipulate exposure in the BART and preparedness by mindset inductions.In Work Package 2, we will advance our understanding of the effects of mindset induction on coping with motivational interventions in hazardously drinking individuals. We build on our observation that the combination of implemental mindsets with motivational interviewing influences actual risk behavior but not risk perceptions. We will devise new assessments of alcohol-related risk perceptions in student samples. Furthermore, we will target potential underlying processes (e.g., resistance to change, commitment), as well as compensation and generalization effects by including the assessment of alternative substances.In Work Package 3, we will investigate whether external and internal influences on risk taking can be self-regulated by task performance focused if-then plans. We expect such plans to be a beneficial coping tool for dealing with exposure to the critical events. In one experiment, we will administer a dose of testosterone and investigate its effect on risk taking in the BART as well as social risk taking. In two other studies, we will focus on the effects of unpleasant background noise and incidental anger on risk taking. Our research question pertains to whether these effects, although operating outside of conscious awareness can be self-regulated by task performance focused if-then plans.In general, P6 focuses on the dynamic aspects of coping with risk exposures. It shares the interest in the effects of mindsets on information processing with P1 ‘Contagious Risk Perception’ and on motivational interventions with P8 ‘Pathological Risk’. Through our overlaps on investigating alcohol consumption and hormonal influences on risk taking, we will further benefit greatly from an exchange with P4 ‘Prepared for Risk’ and P9 ‘Stress Risk’, respectively.