Development of Bathing Culture in Pompeii: Stabian Baths

罗马帝国时期的沐浴文化的特点在学术界早已得到了研究。然而，尽管在西地中海发现了20多个这一时期的浴池，但共和国后期的前辈们几乎没有受到关注。在目前关于罗马在西地中海扩张的辩论中，以及在罗马世界的城市化、文化交流、知识转让和一体化等话题上，洗澡并没有发挥重要作用。唯一的例外是庞贝的斯塔宾浴池，建筑师汉斯·埃舍巴赫在1979年出版的一本书中讨论了这一问题。对于这个建筑群，他重建了一个有影响力的文化历史发展模式：在庞贝古老的阿尔特施塔特墙的地形上，一座带浴缸的希腊体育馆将于公元前5世纪建成，并分五个阶段改造成罗马式浴池，直到帝国早期。虽然学者们多次批评这一模式，但没有开展任何新的研究。2015年至2018年由执行委员会TOPOI资助的一个项目，旨在填补这一研究空白。在庞贝共和国浴场的四次竞选活动和在斯塔宾浴场的三场竞选活动，对修改这座城市和古代沐浴文化的历史产生了重大成果。这两个浴池都建于公元前2世纪下半叶，当时是罗马式的浴池，大部分都是在没有建造的地形上建造的。共和浴场在公元前30/20年被废弃，而斯塔宾浴场在公元79年维苏威火山喷发之前进行了三次现代化改造。这里要求提供资金，用于斯塔宾浴场的第四次也是最后一次挖掘活动，以及评估和迅速公布这座建筑。该活动将澄清有关技术(供暖系统、水管理)以及浴室和相邻房屋之间的关系的重要未决问题。评估将把斯塔宾(和共和)浴场的基础研究与更大的问题结合起来，并审查以下方面：浴场在城市景观中的意义和看法；浴场对庞贝社会和政治发展的重要性以及对庞贝的文化影响；彻底调查的考古证据与关于浴场的心理和文化史的研究相结合；以及浴场对当前关于罗马扩张及其在民国中后期的影响的理论论述的意义。拟议项目的整体方法旨在为长期忽视的对民国晚期和帝国早期沐浴文化变化的调查提供可靠的数据；并卓有成效地使用理论模型进行解释。

The characteristics of bathing culture in the Roman imperial period have long been examined in scholarship. However, the predecessors of the late Republican period have received little attention, even though over 20 baths of this period have been discovered in the western Mediterranean. Baths do not play a significant role in current debates about the expansion of Rome in the western Mediterranean, and topics such as urbanization, cultural exchange, transfer of knowledge and integration in the Roman world. The only exception are the Stabian Baths in Pompeii, which the architect Hans Eschebach discussed in a book, published in 1979. For this complex, he reconstructed an influential model of cultural-historical development: on the terrain of Pompeii’s Archaic Altstadt wall, a Greek palaestra with baths would have been built in the 5th century BC and transformed, in five phases, into Roman-type baths until the early Imperial period. While scholars repeatedly criticized this model, they did not carry out any new research. A project that was funded by the EXC Topoi from 2015 to 2018 aimed at filling this gap in research. Four campaigns in the Republican Baths of Pompeii and three campaigns in the Stabian Baths yielded significant results for revising the history of the city and of ancient bathing culture. Both baths were built in the second half of the 2nd century BC as Roman-type baths, on largely unbuilt terrain. The Republican Baths were abandoned in 30/20 BC, whereas the Stabian Baths were modernized three times before the eruption of Vesuvius in AD 79. Funding is requested here for the fourth and last excavation campaign in the Stabian Baths and for evaluating and promptly publishing this building. The campaign will clarify important open questions regarding the technology (heating system, water management) and the relationship between the baths and an adjacent house. The evaluation will integrate the basic research in the Stabian (and Republican) Baths with larger questions and examine the following aspects: the significance and perception of the baths in the urban landscape; the importance of the baths for the societal and political development of and the cultural influence on Pompeii; the combination of thoroughly investigated archaeological evidence with research on the history of mentality and culture regarding bathing; and the significance of baths for current theoretical discourses on the expansion of Rome and its consequences in the mid- and late Republican period. The holistic approach of the proposed project aims at providing reliable data for the long neglected investigation of changes in late Republican and early Imperial bathing culture; and at fruitfully employing theoretical models for interpretation.