RP3: Appetitive extinction deficits and the risk of developing pornography-use disorder and gaming disorder

食欲调节和消退过程被认为是成瘾行为发展、维持和恢复的重要组成部分。在成瘾的发展过程中，先前的中性刺激通过巴甫洛夫条件反射与药物摄入或成瘾行为有关。成瘾相关联想的学习和再学习可以通过食欲条件反射实验进行研究，食欲条件反射实验包括条件反射阶段、消退学习阶段和消退测试阶段。在条件反射阶段，一个条件提示（CS+）与一个有回报的非条件刺激（UCS）反复配对，而另一个刺激（CS-）预测没有奖励。经过几次试验，CS+比CS-引起更高的条件反应，如增加皮肤电导或神经反应。CS+的食欲值与眶额叶皮层对刺激的反应有关，而杏仁核通常与联想的形成有关，伏隔核被认为在奖励预期中起着关键作用。在灭绝学习过程中，CS+和CS-在没有UCS的情况下反复出现，导致条件反应减少，最终导致在灭绝学习结束时CS+和CS-没有显著差异。在一定的时间间隔后，通过消去测试阶段来检验消去学习的成功与否。在本研究中，我们检验了高风险或病理性色情使用或高风险或病理性游戏使用的个体是否在消退学习和消退测试中表现出成瘾特异性缺陷。迄今为止，还没有针对色情使用障碍和游戏障碍背景下的灭绝过程进行的实验。这种比较是特别有趣的，因为它允许评估主要和次要强化物的影响。将包括五组：1)病态色情使用，2)危险色情使用，3)病态游戏，4)危险游戏，5)毫无问题地使用色情和游戏。将比较两组之间神经活动的差异。第1天进行食欲调节任务和消去学习任务（均在fMRI期间进行）。一周后，参与者将进行消隐测试。该RP与RP2、RP4和RP6共享共同的研究问题。虽然其他RPs主要关注相关刺激物质的反应和加工，但RP3通过分析这些障碍通过（受干扰的）消退过程的维持，扩展了这一观点。

Appetitive conditioning and extinction processes are considered to be important components for the development, maintenance, and recovery of addictive behaviors. During the development of an addiction, formerly neutral stimuli are associated with the drug intake or with the addictive behavior through Pavlovian conditioning. The learning and relearning of addiction-related associations can be studied by appetititve conditioning experiments which comprise a conditioning phase, an extinction learning phase and an extinction test phase. During the conditioning phase, one conditioned cue (CS+) is repeatedly paired with a rewarding, unconditioned stimulus (UCS), while another stimulus (CS-) predicts the absence of reward. After a few trials, the CS+ elicits higher conditioned responses than the CS-, such as increased skin conductance or neural responses. This appetitive value of the CS+ is associated with orbitofrontal cortex reactivity towards the stimulus, while the amygdala is often linked to the formation of associations, and the nucleus accumbens is considered to play a pivotal role in reward anticipation. During the process of extinction learning, the CS+ and CS- are repeatedly presented without the UCS, resulting in a decrease in conditioned responses, and finally leads to the result that the CS+ and CS- do not differ significantly at the end of extinction learning. After a certain time interval, the success of extinction learning is probed by means of an extinction test phase.In the present study, the hypothesis is tested whether individuals suffering from risky or pathological pornography-use or from risky or pathological use of games show addiction-specific deficits in extinction learning and extinction test. To date, no experiments addressing extinction processes in the context of pornography use disorder and gaming disorder have been conducted. This comparison is of particular interest because it allows to evaluate the impact of primary and secondary reinforcers.Five groups will be included: individuals with 1) pathological pornography use, 2) risky pornography use, 3) pathological gaming, 4) risky gaming, and 5) unproblematic use of pornography and games. Differences in neural activity will be compared between the groups. During day 1, the appetitive conditioning task and the extinction learning task (both during fMRI) will be conducted. One week later, participants will perform the extinction test. This RP shares common research questions with RP2, RP4, and RP6. While the other RPs mainly focus on responses and processing of the relevant stimulus material, the RP3 extends this view by analyzing the maintenance of these disorders through (disturbed) extinction processes.