Effects of urbanization on health and fitness of East Asian children in view points of physiological anthropology

2003 ~ 2006年，对韩国春川、中国大莲、台湾台中、札幌、日本北九州地区约3300名小学生进行了人体测量、体能和运动能力调查、呼吸法测定静息代谢率调查、自评法测定运动水平调查、自评法测定能量摄入、营养状况和饮食行为调查。6)生活环境、生活时间安排、使用电脑等生活行为通过问卷调查法，初潮开始时间和学校病历记录是否过敏。春川、大连、台中学童体高、体重增加较快，与近代都市化及生活方式改变有关，优于都市化出现最早的日本学童。随着体重的增加比身高的增加更明显，身体质量指数和体脂率也处于较高水平。这些城市的学生肥胖被认为是许多学校的健康问题之一。北九州和台中学童骨矿物质密度较高。身体素质和运动能力随着体型的增大而部分增加，但BMI和体脂率高则会降低一些测量值。日本学生的成绩总体上不错。将上述身体状况与日常生活中的身体活动水平、饮食摄入量和饮食行为进行比较。他们之间有许多明显的关联。除了日本，其他国家的女性比男性更活跃。这与两性之间的生理特征相吻合。在城市化环境中，局部耐寒性的降低与植物的形态特征和日常生活方式有关。问卷调查数据汇总到数据库中，各城市学童的生活时间和生活环境特征明显。少

From 2003 to 2006,about 3,300 schoolchildren in Chunchon (Korea), Dalien (china), Taichung (Taiwan), Sapporo and Kitakyushu (Japan) were investigated on their 1) anthropometric measurements, 2) fitness and motor ability, 3) the resting metabolic rate by analyzing respirates, activity levels by attaching an accelerator and by the self-rating method, 4) energy intake, nutrition states and eating behavior by self-rating methods, 5) local tolerance to cold by a newly developed and convenient apparatus, 6) living environments, living time schedules, living behavior like using a computer by the questionnaire method, further more, the beginning of menarche and past allergy by the medical records of schools.Body height and body weight of schoolchildren in Chunchon, Dalien and Taichung increased rapidly, associated with the recent urbanization and changes in the life style, It is superior to those of schoolchildren in Japan where urbanization appeared earliest. As the increase in body weight wa … More s more marked than body height, BMI and percent body fat were in high levels. Obesity of schoolchildren in these cities is thought to be one of the health problems in many schools. Bone mineral density was higher in Kitakyushu and Taichung schoolchildren.Fitness and motor ability increased partly with physique enlargements, but some measurements were decreased with high BMI and percent body fat. Japanese schoolchildren showed good achievements in general.Physical conditions described above were compared with physical activity levels in daily living, dietary intake and dietary behavior. Many correlations were obvious between them. Females were more active than males in many cases other than in Japan. It coincided with physical characteristics between the sexes.Local tolerance to cold which may be decreased in the urbanize environment was related to morphologic characteristics and ways of daily living.Questionnaire data were summarized in a data base, and characteristics of living schedules and living environment of schoolchildren in each city were obvious. Less