Up-Grading Knowledge Intensive Industrial Clusters and Globalization.

“知识密集型产业集群的升级与全球化”实证研究，是为了在日本经济泡沫破裂和全球化后，寻找克服产业空洞化的政策建议而展开的。这项研究演变为一项创新研究，其中各种参与者合作并形成一个新的非正式组织，从而为未来的增长创造新技术。在名古屋、福冈/北九州、硅谷、富山等地进行了产业集群的实地考察。根据文部科学省制定的“知识集群计划”，对18个领域进行了问卷调查，结果发现，新成立的组织的活动范围超越了“产业”领域，全球网络的重要性超过了地方经济的凝聚力和邻近性。在一些战略性的技术和产业领域，产业政策让位于创新政策。在日本，创新创造是基于多个公司获得联合专利。我们的实证研究证明，丰田是最积极的公司之一，以获得联合专利。在丰田，创新创造和生产技术是同时进行的。在创新和产业积累方面，技术要素的开发是由企业的研究所和大学进行的。这种合作是日本许多集群研究和开发的引擎。熊彼特认为，这是一个企业家的角色，实现了“新的组合”，但很明显，存在着各种各样的行为者，如研究人员在公司的实验室，研究人员在大学，营销人员，实业家和公务员。他们充当了引擎，将现有的技术元素组合在一起，创造出“新的组合”。"

The empirical research on "Up-grading Knowledge-Intensive Industrial Clusters and Globalization" started as a study to find policy recommendation to overcome hollowing-out of industry after the bubble burst and globalization of Japanese economy. The research evolved as a study of innovation where variety of actors collaborated and formed a new informal organization, thus creating new technology for the future growth. The field work in an industrial cluster went in Nagoya, Fukuoka / Kitakyusyu, Silicon Valley, Toyama and other locations. Questionnaire survey was conducted for 18 areas of "the Knowledge Cluster Initiative" mandated by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT).We discovered that newly created organizations spanned their activities beyond a realm of "industry" and evidenced importance of the global network which exceeded cohesive characteristics of local economy and its proximity. Industrial policy relinquished its position to Innovation policy in some of strategic field of technology and industry. In Japan, innovation creation is based on the acquisition of a joint patent by plural companies. Our empirical research evidenced that Toyota was one of the most aggressive companies to acquire the joint patent. Both innovation creation and production technology were simultaneously pursued in Toyota.In relation to innovation and industrial accumulation, development of technology elements is pursued by a research institute of a company and a university. This type of collaboration is an engine of research and development in many clusters in Japan. J. Schumpeter assumed that it was a role of an entrepreneur that accomplished "new combination", but it became clear that there exist various actors such as the researchers in a company laboratory, researchers in universities, marketers, industrialists, and public servants. They acted as an engine to put existing elements of technology together and create "new combination."