Up-Grading Knowledge Intensive Industrial Clusters and Globalization.

“知识密集型产业集群升级与全球化”的实证研究始于日本经济泡沫破裂和全球化后为克服产业空心化寻找政策建议的研究。该研究演变为对创新的研究，在这种创新中，各种行动者合作形成了一个新的非正式组织，从而为未来的增长创造了新技术。在名古屋、福冈/北九州、硅谷、富山等地的一个产业集群进行实地工作。对教育文化体育科学技术部委托的“知识集群计划”的18个领域进行了问卷调查。我们发现，新成立的组织超越了“工业”领域的活动，证明了全球网络的重要性，超越了当地经济的凝聚力特征及其邻近性。在一些技术和工业的战略领域，产业政策的地位被创新政策取代。在日本，创新创造是基于多家公司共同获得专利。我们的实证研究证明，丰田是最积极的公司之一，以获得联合专利。丰田同时追求创新、创造和生产技术。在创新和产业积累方面，技术要素的开发是由公司的研究机构和大学来追求的。这种类型的合作是日本许多集群研究和开发的引擎。J.熊彼特认为是企业家的角色完成了“新组合”，但很明显，存在着各种各样的角色，如公司实验室的研究人员、大学的研究人员、市场营销人员、实业家和公务员。它们就像一个引擎，把现有的技术元素组合在一起，创造出“新的组合”。

The empirical research on "Up-grading Knowledge-Intensive Industrial Clusters and Globalization" started as a study to find policy recommendation to overcome hollowing-out of industry after the bubble burst and globalization of Japanese economy. The research evolved as a study of innovation where variety of actors collaborated and formed a new informal organization, thus creating new technology for the future growth. The field work in an industrial cluster went in Nagoya, Fukuoka / Kitakyusyu, Silicon Valley, Toyama and other locations. Questionnaire survey was conducted for 18 areas of "the Knowledge Cluster Initiative" mandated by the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT).We discovered that newly created organizations spanned their activities beyond a realm of "industry" and evidenced importance of the global network which exceeded cohesive characteristics of local economy and its proximity. Industrial policy relinquished its position to Innovation policy in some of strategic field of technology and industry. In Japan, innovation creation is based on the acquisition of a joint patent by plural companies. Our empirical research evidenced that Toyota was one of the most aggressive companies to acquire the joint patent. Both innovation creation and production technology were simultaneously pursued in Toyota.In relation to innovation and industrial accumulation, development of technology elements is pursued by a research institute of a company and a university. This type of collaboration is an engine of research and development in many clusters in Japan. J. Schumpeter assumed that it was a role of an entrepreneur that accomplished "new combination", but it became clear that there exist various actors such as the researchers in a company laboratory, researchers in universities, marketers, industrialists, and public servants. They acted as an engine to put existing elements of technology together and create "new combination."