Longitudinal approach to the development of mother-infant communication and infant rearing support starting during the fetal period

几个纵向研究进行了调查母婴沟通是如何产生的，以及如何在整个胎儿期和婴儿期发展。1.使用四维超声检查，我们发现胎儿在他们的手接触到他们的嘴之前就张开了嘴。这种预期的运动似乎是基于他们身体中的感觉运动间关系的知识。胎儿只对母亲的声音做出反应，把嘴巴张得更大，这表明他们从其他外部刺激中认出了母亲的声音。这些研究结果表明，胎儿发育的经验依赖性，需要考虑母亲提供的听觉刺激。2.从新生儿期、婴儿发育的纵向诊断测试、母亲养育子女的半结构式访谈、母乳喂养母亲行为和生活方式的纵向问卷调查等方面， ...更多信息 婴儿们解释说，母亲与婴儿一起生活的困难在第二个月结束时达到顶峰，这时婴儿的主动行为增加了。有人建议，在婴儿出生后不久提供实际的育儿支助对母亲是有帮助的或必要的。3.本研究采用纵向实验研究的方法，考察了物体操作、绘画和进食行为的发展。将结果与黑猩猩的相应数据进行比较，我们发现，尽管黑猩猩在几个行为方面具有与人类婴儿相当的能力，但人类婴儿通过与照顾者的社会交流发展这些行为，这在黑猩猩中很难观察到。共享想象力在人类婴儿中出现得更早。结果表明，当婴儿行为不端时，人类母亲对他们的后代会产生矛盾的情绪。4.通过观察同伴支持活动中幼儿游戏行为的发展变化，描述了同伴互动对幼儿游戏行为的影响。在这些小组参与者中调查了母亲养育婴儿的意识。少

Several longitudinal studies were conducted to investigate how mother-infant communication is generated and how it develops throughout the fetal period and infancy. 1. Using four-dimensional ultrasonography, we found that fetuses opened their mouths before their hands came in contact with their mouths. Such anticipatory movements seem to be based on the knowledge of intersensorimotor relations in their bodies. Fetuses responded exclusively to their mothers' voices by opening their mouths wider, suggesting that they recognized their mothers' voices from among the other external stimuli. These findings suggest the experience-dependent nature of fetal development and need to consider the auditory stimulus provided by mothers. 2. From the neonatal period, longitudinal diagnostic tests of infants' development, semi-structured interviews with the mothers regarding offspring rearing, and a longitudinal questionnaire investigation on the behavior and life pattern of breastfeeding mothers and i … More nfants clarified that mothers' difficulty while living with their infants reached a peak around the end of the second month, when infants' proactive behavior increases. It was suggested that practical child rearing support soon after birth is helpful or necessary for mothers. 3. Longitudinal experimental investigations on the development of object manipulation, drawing, and eating behavior were conducted. The results were compared with corresponding data for chimpanzees ; we found that although chimpanzees possess abilities comparable to human infants in several behavioral aspects, human infants develop these behaviors through social communication with their caretakers, which is difficult to observe in chimpanzees. Shared imagination emerges among human infants earlier. The results suggested that human mothers experience conflicting emotions regarding their offspring when their infants' misbehave. 4. Developmental changes in infants' playing behavior through peer interaction were described through an observation in a group during an infant rearing peer support activity. Maternal consciousness for rearing infants was surveyed among these group participants. Less