Palaeoecological investigations on the Bronze and Iron Age in the settlement area Konoplyanka in the southern Trans-Urals (Russia)

在欧亚草原，数千年来，流动放牧一直是一种传统的、极其成功的生活方式，但最近的考古植物学研究和同位素分析结果表明，必须以一种更具差异性的方式来看待史前时代专属牧场耕作的图景。哈萨克斯坦或土库曼斯坦的一些研究指向青铜时代的混合农牧系统，这种系统非常适合当地的社会和生态条件，并随着时间的推移而变化。在横贯乌拉尔南部，流动放牧在青铜时代中期被放弃，在Sintašta-Petrovka阶段建立了设防的永久定居点，但没有耕地耕作的证据。直到青铜时代晚期，这一地区的开放式聚落结构才被记载下来，但在最后的青铜时代和铁器时代消失了。在与考古学和遗传学的跨学科联合研究范围内，考古植物学/地球考古学项目旨在面对气候和植被等地理因素重建生态和经济状况。在人类和动物骨骼的同位素研究的协助下，将对青铜时代农业模式的传播、栽培植物的可能适应和一般生存战略进行调查。现有的考古植物学样本在质量和数量上都是欧亚草原独一无二的，特别是因为该地区的代表性调查通常缺乏来源材料。与许多大规模研究不同的是，将对狭义的微观区域进行历时研究，以便以有针对性和高分辨率的方式确定具体的发展和相互关系。在科诺普扬卡聚落聚落群中，可以分析青铜时代中晚期聚落和埋葬环境(库尔干)的植物光谱，时间跨度约为500年。除了化石材料，还有几个油井发现的保存完好的亚化石材料。通过跨学科的方法和大量的年代，还将评估青铜时代和向铁器时代过渡期间的考古和遗传变化与气候和环境变化的关联程度。湿地档案馆沉积物岩心中的化石生物指示物花粉和非花粉孢粉形态形成了各自的替代物。此外，还将使用泛滥平原地区的系统取芯断面来调查现在的河流景观与青铜时代的河流景观是否存在基本的地形和生态差异。

In the Eurasian steppe, mobile herding has been the traditional and extremely successful way of life for thousands of years, but recent findings of archaeobotanical research and isotope analysis have shown that the picture of exclusive pasture farming in prehistoric times must be viewed in a much more differentiated way. Some studies from Kazakhstan or Turkmenistan point at mixed agropastoral systems in the Bronze Age, which were very well adapted to the local social and ecological conditions and changed over time. In the southern Trans-Ural, too, mobile grazing was abandoned in the Middle Bronze Age and fortified permanent settlements were established during the Sintašta-Petrovka phase, but without evidence of arable farming. Open settlement structures are documented in this area until the Late Bronze Age, but are missing from the final Bronze Age and Iron Age. Within the interdisciplinary joint research with archaeology and genetics, the archaeobotanical/geoarchaeological project aims to reconstruct the ecological and economic situation in the face of physiographic factors such as climate and vegetation. The spread of agricultural patterns, the possible adaptation of cultivated plants and the general subsistence strategies in the Bronze Age are going to be investigated, assisted by isotope studies on human and faunal bones. The available archaeobotanical samples are unique for the Eurasian steppe in terms of quality and quantity, especially since representative investigations in the region usually suffer from poor source material. In contrast to many large-scale studies, a narrowly defined microregion will be investigated diachronically in order to identify specific developments and interrelationships in a targeted and high-resolution way. In the Konopljanka settlement cluster, plant spectra from settlement and burial contexts (kurgans) of the Middle and Late Bronze Age can be analysed over a period of about 500 years. In addition to fossil material, excellently preserved subfossil material from several well finds is also available. In an interdisciplinary approach and by means of numerous datings, it will also be assessed to what extent archaeological and genetic changes during the Bronze Age and the transition to the Iron Age correlate with climatic and environmental changes. The fossil bioindicators pollen and non-pollen palynomorphs from sediment cores from wetland archives form the respective proxies. In addition, systematic coring transects in the floodplain area will be used to investigate if basic topographic and ecological differences existed between the present fluvial landscape and that of the Bronze Age.