On the water supply of the Bronze and Iron Age fortifications on the Ipf, city of Bopfingen. In-terdisciplinary investigations of the water pits on the northern slope of the mountain

在任何时候，在加固的山顶、防御工事或城堡上获得水和供水设施都是其居民生存的基本基础。为了收集地表水或捕捉泉水，许多史前工事将泉水和水孔整合在一起，或建造水库和蓄水池。在Ipf山（Bopfingen, Ostalbkreis）可以发现三个漏斗坑，这可能有助于水的供应。迄今为止，仅在少数情况下对这些基础设施进行了考古学和跨学科的调查。在潮湿沉积物存在的地方，如波希米亚西部的vladazei或黑森州的Glauberg，自然科学研究已被证明是开创性的。花粉、非花粉孢型和其他微化石、宏观遗骸和地球化学研究可以重建它们的用途和环境。Ipf上有三个漏斗坑。这些坑中最大的（Trichtergrube B）位于山脚下，即使在炎热的夏天，这里的泉水地平线仍然有水。最初的钻探表明，在2.5米深的地方存在潮湿的沉积物，其中含有花粉和其他微化石。最初的AMS放射性碳定年法将沉积物置于哈尔施塔特时期。该应用程序的一个主要目的是在Ipf的沉降和防御阶段重建供水。因此，该山的整体基础设施和结构发展与其自青铜时代晚期以来日益重要的关系，特别是其在铁器时代的起源，将被解决。另一方面，将对漏斗坑附近的植被进行重建，从而将这些现场数据与现有的非现场花粉以及来自Ipf和Osterholz附近矩形围场的不同挖掘地点的宏观遗骸分析相结合。

Access to water and facilities for water supply on fortified hilltops, fortifications or castles has represented an elementary basis for the survival of their inhabitants at all times. In order to collect surface water or to catch spring water, springs and water holes were integrated into many prehistoric fortifications, or water reservoirs and cisterns were built. On the Ipf mountain (Bopfingen, Ostalbkreis) three funnel pits could be found, which might have contributed to the water supply. Such infrastructural facilities have been investigated archaeologically and inter-disciplinarily in only a few cases so far. Where wet sediments are present, such as at Vladař in western Bohemia or at Glauberg in Hesse, natural science investigations have proven to be groundbreaking. Pollen, non-pollen palynomorphs and other micro-fossils, macro-remains and geochemical studies allow to reconstruct their use and environments. There are three funnel pits on the Ipf. The largest of these pits (Trichtergrube B) is located at the foot of the mountain, where today a spring horizon still carries water even in hot summers. Initial drilling has shown that wet sediments are present at 2.5 m depth, containing pollen and other microfossils. Initial AMS radiocarbon dating places the sediments into the Hallstatt period. One major aim of the application is the reconstruction of the water supply during the settlement and fortification phases of the Ipf. Thus, the overall infrastructure and the structural development of the mountain in relation to its increased importance since the late Bronze Age and especially its genesis in the older Iron Age will be addressed. On the other hand, a vegetation reconstruction in the vicinity of the funnel pits will be carried out, whereby these on-site data can be integrated with the existing off-site pollen as well as macro-remains analyses from different excavation sites on the Ipf and the rectangular enclosures near Osterholz.