On the water supply of the Bronze and Iron Age fortifications on the Ipf, city of Bopfingen. In-terdisciplinary investigations of the water pits on the northern slope of the mountain

在设防的山顶、防御工事或城堡上获得水和供水设施，一直是其居民生存的基本基础。为了收集地表水或取泉水，泉水和水洞被整合到许多史前防御工事中，或修建水库和蓄水池。在IPF山(Bopfingen，Ostabkreis)，可以找到三个漏斗坑，这可能是供水的原因。到目前为止，仅在少数情况下对这种基础设施进行了考古和跨学科调查。在有湿沉积物的地方，比如波西米亚西部的vladař或黑森州的Glauberg，自然科学研究已被证明是开创性的。花粉、非花粉孢粉和其他微体化石、宏观遗迹和地球化学研究允许重建它们的用途和环境。IPF上有三个漏斗坑。这些坑中最大的一个(Trichtergrube B)位于山脚下，今天，即使在炎热的夏天，春天的地平线仍然携带着水。初步钻探表明，湿沉积物存在于2.5米深，含有花粉和其他微体化石。最初的AMS放射性碳测年将沉积物置于哈尔斯塔特时期。应用的一个主要目的是在森林小组定居和设防阶段重建供水系统。因此，这座山的整体基础设施和结构发展与它自青铜时代晚期以来的重要性增加有关，特别是它在较老的铁器时代的起源。另一方面，将在漏斗坑附近进行植被重建，从而将这些现场数据与现有的场外花粉以及来自IPF和Osterholz附近的矩形围栏的不同挖掘地点的宏观遗骸分析结合在一起。

Access to water and facilities for water supply on fortified hilltops, fortifications or castles has represented an elementary basis for the survival of their inhabitants at all times. In order to collect surface water or to catch spring water, springs and water holes were integrated into many prehistoric fortifications, or water reservoirs and cisterns were built. On the Ipf mountain (Bopfingen, Ostalbkreis) three funnel pits could be found, which might have contributed to the water supply. Such infrastructural facilities have been investigated archaeologically and inter-disciplinarily in only a few cases so far. Where wet sediments are present, such as at Vladař in western Bohemia or at Glauberg in Hesse, natural science investigations have proven to be groundbreaking. Pollen, non-pollen palynomorphs and other micro-fossils, macro-remains and geochemical studies allow to reconstruct their use and environments. There are three funnel pits on the Ipf. The largest of these pits (Trichtergrube B) is located at the foot of the mountain, where today a spring horizon still carries water even in hot summers. Initial drilling has shown that wet sediments are present at 2.5 m depth, containing pollen and other microfossils. Initial AMS radiocarbon dating places the sediments into the Hallstatt period. One major aim of the application is the reconstruction of the water supply during the settlement and fortification phases of the Ipf. Thus, the overall infrastructure and the structural development of the mountain in relation to its increased importance since the late Bronze Age and especially its genesis in the older Iron Age will be addressed. On the other hand, a vegetation reconstruction in the vicinity of the funnel pits will be carried out, whereby these on-site data can be integrated with the existing off-site pollen as well as macro-remains analyses from different excavation sites on the Ipf and the rectangular enclosures near Osterholz.