On the water supply of the Bronze and Iron Age fortifications on the Ipf, city of Bopfingen. In-terdisciplinary investigations of the water pits on the northern slope of the mountain

在设防的山顶、防御工事或城堡上获得水和供水设施是其居民在任何时候生存的基本基础。为了收集地表水或捕捉泉水，许多史前防御工事都集成了泉水和水洞，或建造水库和蓄水池。在伊普夫山（Bopfingen，Ostalbkreis）可以发现三个漏斗坑，这可能有助于供水。到目前为止，对这些基础设施进行考古和跨学科调查的情况很少。在存在湿沉积物的地方，例如在波希米亚西部的Vladasigny或黑森的Glauberg，自然科学调查已被证明是开创性的。通过对花粉、非花粉孢粉化石和其他微化石、宏观遗迹和地球化学研究，可以重建它们的用途和环境。 Ipf上有三个漏斗坑。这些坑中最大的（Trichtergrube B）位于山脚下，即使在炎热的夏天，春天的地平线仍然携带着水。初步钻探表明，潮湿的沉积物存在于2.5米深处，含有花粉和其他微化石。最初的AMS放射性碳年代测定将沉积物置于哈尔施塔特时期。该申请的一个主要目的是在Ipf定居和加固阶段重建供水。因此，整体的基础设施和山的结构发展，其重要性增加，因为晚青铜时代，特别是它的起源在旧铁器时代将得到解决。另一方面，将在漏斗坑附近进行植被重建，从而将这些现场数据与现有的场外花粉以及来自Ipf和Osterholz附近矩形外壳的不同挖掘地点的宏观遗骸分析相结合。

Access to water and facilities for water supply on fortified hilltops, fortifications or castles has represented an elementary basis for the survival of their inhabitants at all times. In order to collect surface water or to catch spring water, springs and water holes were integrated into many prehistoric fortifications, or water reservoirs and cisterns were built. On the Ipf mountain (Bopfingen, Ostalbkreis) three funnel pits could be found, which might have contributed to the water supply. Such infrastructural facilities have been investigated archaeologically and inter-disciplinarily in only a few cases so far. Where wet sediments are present, such as at Vladař in western Bohemia or at Glauberg in Hesse, natural science investigations have proven to be groundbreaking. Pollen, non-pollen palynomorphs and other micro-fossils, macro-remains and geochemical studies allow to reconstruct their use and environments. There are three funnel pits on the Ipf. The largest of these pits (Trichtergrube B) is located at the foot of the mountain, where today a spring horizon still carries water even in hot summers. Initial drilling has shown that wet sediments are present at 2.5 m depth, containing pollen and other microfossils. Initial AMS radiocarbon dating places the sediments into the Hallstatt period. One major aim of the application is the reconstruction of the water supply during the settlement and fortification phases of the Ipf. Thus, the overall infrastructure and the structural development of the mountain in relation to its increased importance since the late Bronze Age and especially its genesis in the older Iron Age will be addressed. On the other hand, a vegetation reconstruction in the vicinity of the funnel pits will be carried out, whereby these on-site data can be integrated with the existing off-site pollen as well as macro-remains analyses from different excavation sites on the Ipf and the rectangular enclosures near Osterholz.