Plant-pollinator systems in heterostylous plant species : from genes to landscapes

1)在半自然实验系统下，测定了异花蜂蜂王访花、柱头花粉负荷和花粉携带模式。结果表明，三叶报春花种群的空间结构对大黄蜂蜂王的传粉方式有很大的影响。分析了北海道和本州中部三叶弓形虫自然种群和实验种群花粉和种子的基因流模式。在此基础上，建立了基于种群空间结构和相互传粉者访视的基因流模型。2)北海道三叶草自然居群中，由于花粉的限制，小居群或传粉者有限的居群结实率受到限制。模拟种群破碎化的手传粉实验表明，多供体传粉可能性的降低会导致种子萌发失败而降低后代的生存能力，而长型自交亲和植株产生的自交后代在传粉者的限制下可能会由于强烈的近交抑制而不能成功地贡献给下一代。揭示了孤立植物群体的孤独性通过授粉失败导致生殖失败。3)对与三叶草亲缘关系较近的三种报春花（Primula jesoana）、莫德报春花（P. modesta）和kisoana报春花（P. kisoana）在自然生境中的种群空间结构、访花昆虫、坐果及异种特征进行了研究。结果表明，这些物种的自花授粉和形态内授粉是不相容的，需要有效的传粉媒介来实现种子的结实。4)基于生态群落尺度植物传粉系统数据的传粉效率评价揭示了北方海相草原大黄蜂传粉的有效性。由于缺乏技术专家，大黄蜂的遥测仪无法研制出来。然而，我们可以找到天然的蜂群。通过对工蜂进出次数和花粉量的分析，揭示了蚁群的觅食特征和发育模式。6)这些研究结果从基因尺度到景观尺度，可以为异花柱植物及其传粉者之间生物相互作用的保护和恢复设计方案提供帮助。少

1) Flower visitation by Bombus diversus queens, stigmatic pollen load, and patterns of pollen carryover were measured under semi-natural experimental systems. It was revealed that spatial structure of Primula sieboldii population strongly affects pollination patterns by the bumblebee queens. Patterns of gene flow through both pollen and seeds were analyzed in natural and experimental populations of P. sieboldii in Hokkaido and central Honshu. According to the results, gene flow patterns depending on spatial structure of the population and interacted pollinator visitation were modeled.2) In natural populations of P. sieboldii in Hokkaido, seed set was limited in small or pollinator-limited populations due to pollen limitation. A hand-pollination experiment to simulate population fragmentation revealed that decrease in the possibility of multiple-donor pollination can lower progeny viability through germination failure and that selfed progeny produced by the long-styled self-compatible i … More ndividuals under pollinator limitation may not contribute successfully to the next generation due to strong inbreeding depression. It was revealed that the solitude of isolated plant population causes reproductive failure through pollination failure.3) Population spatial structure, flower visiting insects, seed set, and heterostylous characteristics of Primula jesoana, P. modesta, and P. kisoana, which are closely related with P. sieboldii were investigated in natural habitats. It was revealed that self- and intra-morph pollinations are incompatible and that effective pollinators are needed to set seeds in these species.4) Evaluation of pollination efficiency on the basis of data from a study for plant-pollinator systems on the scale of ecological community revealed the effectiveness of bumblebees as pollinators in a northern maritime grassland.5) A telemeter for bumblebees was not able to be developed because of the shortage of technical experts. However, we could find natural colonies of Bombus diversus. Analysis of the number of times of entrance and exit of the workers and pollen loads revealed the foraging profile and the development pattern of the colony.6) These results of the present study scaling from genes to landscapes can help designing plans for conservation and restoration of biological interactions between heterostylous plant species and their pollinators. Less