COMPARATIVE POLITICAL STUDIES OF POLITICAL CORRUPTION AND CLIENTELISM

这项联合研究从比较的角度研究了发达国家（日本、韩国、意大利和北欧国家）和欧盟的政治腐败和裙带关系。虽然腐败的主要特征是非法性，但腐败行为者的独立性和横向性并不罕见。另一方面，裙带主义在很大程度上具有不对称性、从属性、垂直性甚至法律的约束。现代化理论认为腐败和裙带主义反映了一种前现代社会结构，是政治制度的病态现象，但对二者的区分并不十分关注。从总体上看，这一学术奋进的结果是：现代化理论不能很好地把握腐败问题的实质，即即使在发达国家和欧盟，腐败行为也是以“隐性”和“消极”交流的形式渗透的;腐败表现为各种行为，如政党，派系，政治家，官僚，公司和有组织的圈子（e。例如，在一个实施例中，主要表现在利益调解和行政程序上的严惩、加强法律的制约、道德教育、选举制度的改革、政府权力的下放等措施对腐败的控制效果不明显。

This joint research has dealt with political corruption and clientelism of the developed countries (Japan, Korea, Italy, and the Nordic countries) and of the EU from a comparative perspective.While corruption is primarily characterized by its illegality, independence and horizontality aomong corrupted actors are not uncommon. On the other hand, clientelism largely takes on asymmetric, subordinate, vertical, and even legal ties.A line of modernization theory, not having paid much attention to the distinction between them, has assumed that corruption and clientelism reflect a pre modern social structure and could be referred to as pathologic phenomenon of the political system.All of us have been seriously engaged in their theoretical and / or positive researches. This academic endeavor as a whole produced the following findings : modernization theory cannot well grasp the gist of corruption problem, namely the permeated corrupted actions as "hidden" and "negative" exchanges even in the, advanced countries and the EU ; corruption appears as a variety of actions like bribery, embezzment, fraud,oblique voting, vote buying, patronage, and violated corruption among political parties, factions, politicians, bureaucrats, corporations, and organized cirmes (e. g., mafia) mainly in the interest mediation and in the eelctoral process severe punishment, strengthening legal restriction, eudcating officials morally, reform of electoral system, and decentralization of government power are not sufficiently effective for controlling corruption.