Innovation, Best Practices and the Structural Change in the Japanese Construction Industry after the Age of High Economic Growth

“风险”和“关系租金”的概念已经被引入，以明确不同的设置，即繁荣和衰退时期，其中雇主和承包商的行为，澄清：(a)虽然，在持续的繁荣时期，更多的交易风险被放在雇主一方，他们被承包商的努力，通过长期关系最大化关系租金取消；其二，在经济衰退时期，大部分交易风险转移到承包商一方，而雇主自己则受到巨大“结构性风险”的威胁。为了应对环境的变化，交易风险最小化的雇主应该采取负责任的行动来帮助改善这种情况，并且需要建立第三方专业咨询实践来避免结构性风险。至于第三方顾问，我们调查了建筑经理和立面工程师等新实践的功能，发现他们在通过供应链管理实现多种采购方法和最佳实践方面发挥了先决作用。另一方面，承包商正在失去日本管理系统的基础，而日本管理系统带来了合作和并行工程等着名的传统。应努力获取替代手段以保持技术创新能力。要做到这一点，他们的企业战略应该集中在雇主/消费者的真正需求和核心竞争力，使他们的市场竞争力。

The concept of "risks" and "relational rents" have been introduced to make explicit the difference in the settings I.e. boom and recession periods, wherein employers and contractors behave, clarifying that (a) though, during a continuous boom period, more transactional risks are placed on the side of employers, they are cancelled by contractor's endeavour to maximise relational rents through long-term relationship; and that (b) under recession, most of the transactional risks are transferred to the side of the contractors, but employers themselves become threatened in turn by huge "structural risks". In order to cope with the change in the setting employers whose transactional risks are minimised should take the responsible action to help improve the situation, and the third-party professional consulting practices need to be established to avoid structural risks.As to the third-party consultants, the functions of such new practices as Construction Managers and Facade Engineers were investigated to find out that they play the prerequisite role to make versatile procurement methods possible and the best practices through supply chain managementContractors, on the other hand, who are losing the basis for the Japanese management system that has brought about such reputed traditions as partnering and concurrent engineering, should try to acquire alternative means to retain competence in technological innovation. To do so, their corporate strategy should be focused on the real needs of employers/consumers and the core competence that gives them market competitiveness.