Theory application of ecosystem management

Nakamura将生态系统管理策略主要应用于石别河的溪流恢复项目。他开发了评估生态系统结构和功能的评估方法，并进一步构建了包括实地调查和研究规划方法在内的退化河流生态系统恢复框架。Kikuchi研究了柳树优势河岸林在水生生态系统保护中的作用，并确定了它们在频繁洪水干扰下的幼苗策略的好处。他还研究了河流的自然环境与水生植物——豆瓣菜的生长之间的关系。Kaneko构建了两个支持生态系统管理的基于地理信息系统（GIS）的数据库，即“开发有利于生态系统保护与恢复的自然环境数据库”和“利用GIS和互联网进行生态系统保护与管理”。Owari利用多媒体技术（视频和音频）和信息技术（全球定位系统和地理信息系统）构建了显性知识数据库，将林农的经验知识形式化。Ikegami以北海道北部的33个社区为研究对象，运用景观方法评估公路建设对区域环境的影响，并在GIS分析中对Otoineppu和Nakagawa镇的社会和自然条件进行了描述。他还建立了一种利用遥感相机实地调查野生动物的方法。Kakizawa研究了可以在社区发展中发挥领导作用的行政结构，并调查了私人森林土地所有者对社区发展的看法。山本假设，森林和其他土地用途之间的边界随着对土地的社会和经济需求的波动而不断变化。他调查了北海道的一个例子，并描述了土地利用活动在农业和林业之间转移的机制。

Nakamura applied ecosystem management strategies primarily to a stream restoration project in the Shibetsu River. He developed assessment methodology that evaluates ecosystem structure and functions and further constructed a framework for restoring degraded river ecosystems including field survey and research planning methods. Kikuchi examined the roles of willow-dominant riparian forests in aquatic ecosystem conservation and identified the benefits of their seedling strategies under frequent flood disturbance regime. He also studied the relationship between physical environment of a stream and growth of an aquatic plant species, watercress. Kaneko constructed two geographic information system (GIS)-based database that support ecosystem management, which specifically are "Development of natural environment database assisting ecosystem conservation and restoration" and "Ecosystem conservation and management using GIS and the Internet". Owari constructed explicit knowledge database, which formalizes foresters' empirical knowledge, by using multimedia technologies (video and audio) and information technologies (Global positioning system and GIS). Ikegami applied landscape approaches to assess effects of highway construction on regional environment selecting 33 communities in northern Hokkaido and characterized the social and natural conditions of Otoineppu and Nakagawa towns in his GIS analyses. He also established a field method for wildlife survey using remotely sensed cameras. Kakizawa examined administrative structures that can take leadership in community development and surveyed perception of community development among private forest landowners. Yamamoto hypothesized that borders between forest and other landuses have continuously been shifted in accordance with fluctuating social and economic needs for the lands. He investigated an example in Hokkaido and described the mechanism of shifting landuse activities between agriculture and silviculture.