Studies for biological ice core analyses using microorganisms growing in the snow and ice of the glacier

冰雪微生物分析的技术改进：为了鉴定生长在冰雪中的细菌，我们采集了日本阿尔卑斯山仓口雪地的雪样，提取了16S rRNA DNA，并对这些DNA进行了测序。我们可以通过将序列与各种数据库中的序列进行匹配来识别雪样中的细菌物种。融化季节的样本中含有一种嗜冷菌和两种嗜冷菌。实时定量聚合酶链式反应估计的细菌生物量的季节变化强烈地表明，这3种细菌在融化季节生长在雪地中。利用冰雪中微生物进行生物冰芯分析：采集了阿拉斯加、阿拉泰山脉、智利安第斯山脉和不丹喜马拉雅等地冰川冰雪中的浅冰芯和微生物样本。尽管对冰芯的分析仍在进行中，但所有收集的冰芯都含有雪藻和细菌等微生物。对冰芯中的这些微生物进行了分析，以供在冰芯分析中使用。在一些冰芯中发现，冰芯中的微生物，特别是雪藻是年层的有效标志。我们估计巴塔哥尼亚冰川(西经10-20米)的净积累率非常高。通过分析冰芯中雪藻生物量的季节变化。

Technical improvement of microbiological analysis of snow and ice : In order to identify bacteria growing in the snow and ice, we collected snow samples from Kuranosuke snow patch in Japan Alps, extracted 16s rRNA DNA from the samples and sequenced these DNA. We could identify bacterial species in the snow samples by matching the sequences with those in the various Databases. Samples of the the melting season contained a psychrophilic bacterium and two psychrotrophic bacteria. Seasonal change of bacterial biomass estimated by Real time PCR strongly suggested that these 3 species are growing in the snow during melt-season. We also succeeded in extraction and seaquencing of 18s rRNA DNA of snow algae and identification of some species.Biological ice core analyses using microorganisms in the snow and ice: We collected shallow ice cores and samples of microorganisms in the snow and ice of the glaciers of various part of the world, such as Alaska, Altai mountains, Chilean Andes and Bhutan Himalaya. Although analyses of the ice cores are still ongoing, all ice cores collected contained microorganisms such as snow algae and bacteria. These microorganisms in the ice cores were analyzed for potential use in ice core analyses. In some ice cores, it was revealed that microorganisms in the ice core, especially snow algae are effective marker of annual layers. We estimated incredibly high net accumulation rate of a Patagonian glacier (10-20m w.e.) by analyzing seasonal change of snow algal biomass in the ice core.