A Comparative Study of the Transformation of the Craftsmen in Turkey and the Balkans

土耳其和巴尔干半岛曾在奥斯曼帝国的统治下长达五个世纪，多年来一直保持着多样化的交流。两地的工匠也发展了技术交流，建立了广泛的相互依存关系，超越了宗教、语言和文化。他们在帝国的经济中扮演了重要的角色。然而，在19世纪和20世纪，随着民族国家的崛起和奥斯曼帝国的衰落，他们的交流变得不那么活跃了。工匠们在继承工艺方面面临困难，这对经济产生了不良影响。在新形成的民族国家中，工艺作为每个民族和民族固有的遗产而受到高度重视。然而，现代化严重影响了工艺环境。虽然工匠们设法经历了巨大的变化，并保持了传统的工艺和生活方式，但许多人在第二次世界大战期间开始衰落。今天，只有少数人继承了历史悠久的工艺，并了解自奥斯曼时代以来的生活方式。另一方面，许多地区在当代生活中开始更加灵活地利用工艺。本研究对巴尔干国家和土耳其从奥斯曼帝国晚期至今的传统工艺过渡的基本信息进行了调查和积累。它的目的是记录每个地区的现状，而不是描绘工匠经历的历时过渡。通过一系列的研究，收集了大量的视觉材料。它们现在正在为未来的数字化而组织起来。通过描绘每个地区幸存下来的工匠个体，我们将对这种过渡进行澄清。许多国家正在努力将手工艺与旅游业结合起来。除了希腊和土耳其，前社会主义政府统治下的两个主要国家保加利亚和罗马尼亚也表现出类似的倾向。利用传统工艺促进旅游业发展是可能的，因此受到鼓励。然而，为了提高效率，传统的制造工艺在某些情况下被简化了。这种做法可能会影响正宗传统工艺的传承。少

Turkey and the Balkans, formerly under the reign of the Ottoman Empire for five centuries, have enjoyed diverse exchange over the years. Craftsmen in both regions also developed technical exchange and built up extensive interdependent relationship, transcending religions, languages, and cultures. They played a significant part in the Empire's economy. However, while the nation-states rose and the Ottoman Empire fell in the 19th and 20th centuries, their exchange became less active. Craftsmen faced difficulty in succeeding craftsmanship, which extended bad influence on the economy. Under the newly formed nation-states, craftsmanship earned high esteem as the heritage inherent in each nation and nationality. Yet, the modernization heavily affected the environment of craftsmanship. Although craftsmen managed to come through drastic changes and maintained the traditional craftsmanship and ways of living, many began to decline during the World War II. Today, there are only a small number of … More people who succeed the time honored craftsmanship and know the life style since the Ottoman era. On the other hand, many regions began to utilize the craftsmanship more flexibly in the contemporary life.This research investigates and accumulates the basic information about the transition of traditional craftsmanship in the Balkan States and Turkey from the late Ottoman years to date. It is intended to document each region's present condition rather than depicting diachronic transition craftsmen experienced. Many visual materials have been collected through a series of researches. They are now being organized for the future digitalization. The transition will be clarified through depicting individual craftsmen specifically who survived in each region.Many nations are now working to incorporate craftsmanship with the tourism. Besides Greece and Turkey, the two leading nations, Bulgaria and Rumania, formerly under socialist governments, show the similar inclinations. It is possible to utilize traditional craftsmanship to advance the tourism, and so has been encouraged. Given priority to the efficiency, traditional manufacturing process are simplified in some cases, however. Such practice may affect the inheritance of authentic traditional craftsmanship. Less