A Historical and Empirical Study on the Ethos and the Behaviors of the Soviet Scientists in the Early Days of the Cold War : In the Cases of Physics, Mathematics and Engineering Sciences.

这项研究旨在揭示苏联科学家在所谓的“冷战时期科学技术体制”之初是如何行动和反应的。本研究的基本结论如下：(1)负责计算技术开发的机械工程师坚持使用机械计算器，这是当时陆军炮兵非常需要的。另一方面，参与核发展的数学家们渴望高速的数字计算机。以M.A.拉夫伦特耶夫为首的后者利用政治领袖赫鲁晓夫的支持，成功地消除了像N.G.布鲁维奇这样的老式机械工程师的影响。(2)1948年秋天，苏联科学院发起了反对理想主义的意识形态运动，b)将研究与实践隔绝，c)崇拜外国科学家。这项研究…莫尔考察了物理学和物理化学领域的论述，发现科学家们成功地澄清了他们在a)和b)点上对党的竞选活动的立场。然而，他们在c)问题上没有成功，他们的失败是由于党内代理人在科学事务上试图扫除科学家对西方科学成果的依赖倾向[下一页第一篇和第三篇]。(3)在撤离喀山市期间，在莫斯科国立大学物理系兼职的科学院物理研究所的工作人员从事重要的军事用途课题。与他们不同的是，该学院的全职工作人员在偏远地区的疏散中给学生授课。于是，“一个国家的两种物理学家”发生了冲突或对抗。较少

This study aimed at shedding the light upon how Soviet scientists acted and reacted to the situation in the very beginning of so-called "Cold-Wartime Scientific and Technological Regime". The basic findings of this study were as follows :(1)The mechanical engineers in charge of computing technique development adhered to mechanical calculators which were in great demand for the artillerists of the Army at that time. On the other hand, the mathematicians involved in the nuclear development were eager for the high-speed digital computers. The latter group headed by M.A.Lavrent'ev succeeded in eliminating the influence of the old-fashioned mechanical engineers like N.G.Bruevich, taking advantage of the support from one of the political leaders, N.S.Khrushchev [One article now in printing].(2)In the fall of 1948, the Soviet Academy of Sciences initiated the ideological campaign against a)idealism, b)isolation of the research from the practice and c)worship of foreign scientists. This study … More examined the discourses in the fields of physics and physical chemistry and found out that the scientists succeeded in clarifying their position to the party campaign in the points a) and b). They were not, however, successful in the issue c) ; Their failure was caused by the party agents on scientific matters who intended to sweep away the scientists' tendency of the dependence upon the achievements of the Western Science [The first and third articles in the next page].(3) During the evacuation to Kazan' city, the stuff of the Physics Institute of Academy of Sciences who worked for the Physics Faculty of Moscow State University part-time were engaged in the important subjects of military use. In contrast to them, the full-time staff of the Faculty suffered from teaching the students under the evacuation in the remote areas. Thus, "two kind of the physicists in one country" got into a conflict or a confrontation with each other [The second article in the next page, and one more article now in printing]. Less