Rise and Development of the Modern Natural History ---- Approaches from the Texts and the Plates

本文试图从以下四个方面来说明18世纪初人们是如何在与古代记忆艺术和百科全书的联系中认识到博物学的高贵性，从而使博物学被列入文科的：1）思想体系的阐释<th>。狄德罗和其他自然主义者将自然形象描述为一幅地图、一棵树或一个网络，这些形象在整个18世纪占据主导<th>地位。2）对互文性的阐释互文性是启蒙运动的重要思想之一。这一部分通过对博物学与百科全书等当代文化产品的比较研究，探讨了博物学与百科全书等当代文化产品的系统关系。三、自然史插图书的形成18世纪英国和法国版画的发展，以及更广泛的视觉文化的发展，是新认识论的显著表现，在自然哲学家的影响下，这种认识论改变了人们认识自然的方式。许多博物学的插图书籍反映了这种认识论的意图：自然只呈现个体差异，从而打开了认识多样性的大门。4）阐明与博物学对他的影响有关的广泛影响本研究的最后一部分考虑了一些新的技术和科学的可能性，在19世纪的人。其中，生物学的诞生和摄影方法的发明加速了博物学的衰落。

The present study attempts to show, from the following four angles, how the people recognized the natural history's claims to nobility, founded on its connection with the ancient art of memory and the Encyclopedie, thus allowing to be counted among the liberal arts at the beginning of the 18^<th> century.1)Elucidation of the idea system.Under the influence of the ancient art of memory, Buffon, Diderot and other naturalists introduced the image of nature as a map, a tree or a network, images that came to dominate the whole 18^<th> century.2)Elucidation of the intertextualityThe intertextuality is one of the most important idea of Enlightenment. This part studies the systematic relationship of the natural history to other contemporary cultural products like the Encyclopedie by comparing their respective approaches. We thus concider in somme detail the problems connected with citation, copy, plagiarism, rewriting.3)Elucidation of the formation of the illustrated books of the natural historyThe development of English and French engraving and, more widely, of a visual culture in 18th-century, is a remarkable manifestation of the new epistemology which, under the influence of the natural philosophers, transformed the way the people perceived the nature. Many illustrated books of the natural history mirror this epistemological intention : nature only presents individual differences, thus opening the door to the recognition of variety.4)Elucidation related to the widespread influence of the natural history on his posterityThe last part of this study considers some of the new technical and scientific possibilities available to the people during the 19th-century. Among these were the the birth of biology and the invention of the photograph method which accelerated the decline of the natural history.