An Archaeological investigation on Japan-Europe Trades in the Age of National Isolation in Japan -Majolica Albarelli, derived from the Renaissance Majolica, excavated in Osaka-

通过这次研究，我无法在欧洲找到完全确定的马略利卡albarello类型，但对大阪发现的albarello的起源有了一些线索。“foglie模式”至少持续到1600年左右。安特卫普和里昂的马约利卡制陶工艺优于欧洲其他地区，有关于意大利马约利卡制陶工人进入这两个地区的文献。由于我们的albarello的土壤成分与意大利Montelupo Fiorentiono的土壤成分非常相似，我们的albarello可能是在意大利陶工进入日常使用的地方制造的，他们在欧洲更便宜。例如，在长崎的Kushimajo城堡遗址和（长崎市）发现的albarelli，以及1632年在江户埋葬的幕府将军墓中发现的zalfpot，都发现了与1600年左右在荷兰制作的装饰相似的装饰。此外，在1615年之前，日本没有发现任何马格里卡瓷器，尽管在16世纪2世纪和16世纪50年代在大阪发现了以欧洲为主题的“IHS”中国瓷器。因此，日本马氏陶瓷的第一次贸易可能是在17世纪。在文艺复兴时期，随着马洛里卡陶工的迁移，在宗教改革、独立战争或婚姻的直接或间接影响下，各种马洛里卡陶器从意大利传播到整个欧洲。它是文化的引进、传播和融合。相比之下，日本的马洛里卡陶器并没有伴随着移动的陶工或宗教，这清楚地表明人们对马洛里卡陶器本身的需求，就像今天的路易威登、巴卡拉一样。由此可见，进入日本的马爵利卡是贸易的代表，我们可以看出，尽管处于国家孤立的时代，但日本商人和V.O.C.的商业主义是优越的

Through this research, I cannot find out the entirely identified type of majolica albarello in Europe, but have got some hints of the origin of the albarello found in Osaka.The 'foglie pattern' was at least lasting around 1600. The production of 'foglie' majolica in Antwerpen and Lyon were superior to other area in Europe, there remains the documents of Italian majolica potters moving into both regions. As the soil component of our albarello is very much similar to that of Montelupo Fiorentiono in Italy, our albarello was perhaps made in where Italian potters stepped in for ordinary use and they were cheaper one in Europe.For example, the albarelli found in Kushimajo Castle site in Nagasaki, and in (Nagasaki City), and a zalfpot found in the tomb of Shogun buried in 1632 in Edo, there found similar decorations to those decorations fashioned around 1600 in Holland. In addition, exactly before 1615 there were none of majolica finds in Japan, although there found Chinese porcelain of 'IHS' motif for Europe in Osaka in the 2^<nd> half of the 16^<th> century. Therefore the first trade of majolica in Japan could be in the 17^<th> century.Varieties of majolica had spread from Italy to all over Europe in the age of the Renaissance, accompanied with moving majolica potters, with direct or indirect influence of The Reformation, Wars for Independence, or Marriages. It is the introduction, spread and fusion of the culture. In contrast the majolica in Japan was not accompanied by moving potters or the religion, clearly indicating a demand only for a majolica ceramics themselves, just as Louis Vuitton, Baccarat today. As such, the majolica into Japan represents the Trade, and we can find out, in spite of the National Isolation Age, the superior commercialism of Japanese merchants and V.O.C.