Comparison of Histories of Law of Major Civilized Societies : The Land Laws of Western Europe, China, Japan and etc.

本文是本研究课题《主要文明社会法律史比较：西欧、中国、日本等地的土地法》的三年研究成果。1.土地所有权秩序的变迁与"现代法"（二本幸座8，东京大学出版社，2005年）; 2."社会制度与法律"的历史理论3.《近代经验与制度变迁》的历史透视（《社会大教育》2005年第6期）。"封建制度"与"枪杆子"作为历史概念的"区-县体制"："Hoken"与"Gun-Ken"概念的普遍化探讨（HOKEN TO GUN-KEN，日本文化研究国际机构，Shibunkaku，第一篇文章考察了前现代巴库时期日本土地法的转变特点，通过对日本土地法与中国、西欧土地法的历史比较，分析了日本土地法从汉代到近代（以土地买卖从不批准到正式批准为中心）的演变过程。第二篇是在第一篇的基础上发展起来的，论述社会制度史和法律史的一般理论。在展开讨论时引入的基本概念是"文明"（其内容是社区向基于市场经济的社会的转变）。第三篇以第二篇所阐述的"文明"概念为依托，从国家宪政史的角度描述了一个共同体的"个人和阶级的整合秩序"向一个"制度化的领土国家体系"的转变。第三篇文章指出，中国人传统上把这种转变理解为从"hoken"到"gun-ken"的转变。本文还认为，“hoken”和“gun-ken”的概念不仅可以作为理解中国历史的普遍概念，而且可以作为理解整个人类历史的普遍概念。

The following three articles are the output of the three-year research project, Comparison of Histories of Law of Major Civilized Societies : The Land Laws of Western Europe, China, Japan and etc. 1.The Transformation of the Order of Land Ownership and "Modern Law" (NIHONSHI KOZA 8, University of Tokyo Press, 2005) ; 2.The Theory of the History of "Social System and the Law": The Historical Perspective of "Modern Experience and Institutional Changes" (SHAKAI TAISEI TO HO, Vol. 6, 2005) ; 3."Hoken (Feudal) System" and "Gun-Ken (District-Prefectural) System" as Historical Concepts : An Approach to Universalization of the Concepts of "Hoken" and "Gun-Ken" (HOKEN TO GUN-KEN, International Institution of Japanese Cultural Studies, Shibunkaku, 2006).The first article examines the characteristics of the transformation of the Japanese land law under the pre-modern Baku-han system to that in the modern period (the center of which is from non-approval to official approval of land sales), by comparing the history of the land law in Japan with the history of which in China and Western Europe. The second article, which has been developed from the first, discusses the general theory of the history of social system and the law. The basic concept introduced in developing the discussion is "civilization" (the content of which is the transformation of a community to a society based on market economy). Relying on this concept of "civilization" explicated in the second article, the third article describes, as a matter of constitutional history of states, that a "personal and class-based integration order" of a community transforms into an "institutional territorial state system." The third article points out that Chinese have traditionally understood this transformation as a transformation from "hoken" to "gun-ken." It also contends that the concepts of "hoken" and "gun-ken"can be used as universal concepts to understand not only Chinese history but also human history in general.