Plant and land use of Early Iron Age societies in the boreal zone of the mid-Kama region and its environmental impact

气候和其他环境变化与政治和社会经济原因一起引发文化转型。这种人与环境的相互作用在人类生存的环境极限上尤为强烈，其特点是恶劣的气候条件。公元前8世纪至公元5-6世纪之间，欧洲前乌拉尔地区卡马中部北部地带的早期铁器时代(EIA)社会提供了一个人与环境相互作用的例外例子。考古学家提出了两个假说来解释EIA种群在这里的发展：(I)罗马气候最佳时期内的环境条件的改善导致了公元前3世纪以后中卡马地区EIA文化的经济和人口的快速发展，导致Ananyino人向Glyadovo文化的转变；(Ii)从公元4世纪到5世纪开始的气候降温导致生物生产力下降，引发了对草地和耕地的竞争，最后人们离开了中卡马地区，导致了两种新文化的出现：Lomovatovo和Nvolino。我的目标是用古环境重建来检验这些假设。为了实现这一目标，我计划重建居住在喀马中部地区的环境影响评估协会的植物和土地利用及其对植被和景观的影响。这项研究将利用现场和非现场的放射性碳年代档案进行。多指标分析将结合传统方法(孢粉学、着火损失、考古植物学、煤炭学、木材解剖学)和创新方法(非花粉孢粉形态分析、大炭素分析、同位素研究)。基于花粉数据，将使用现有模型揭示、LOVE和多场景方法进行土地覆盖重建。此外，还将采用最先进的模拟技术来估算气候和森林覆盖率的变化。将根据研究假设对所获得的数据进行评估。到项目结束时，我们将随着时间的推移重建环境影响评估文化的植物和土地利用，评估人类与环境的相互作用和气候变化在人类迁徙过程中的作用。研究结果将有助于我们了解北方地区环境影响评估人口的生存经济及其对环境的影响。

Climate and other environmental changes trigger cultural transformation together with political and socio-economical causes. This human-environment interplay is particularly strong at environmental limits of human existence, characterized by harsh climate conditions. An exceptional example of human-environment interactions is provided by the Early Iron Age (EIA) societies in the boreal zone of the mid-Kama region of the European pre-Urals between 8th century BCE and 5th-6th century AD. Archaeologists suggest two hypotheses explaining the development of the EIA populations here: (i) amelioration of environmental conditions within the Roman climatic optimum led to a rapid development of the economy and population of the EIA cultures in the mid-Kama region after the 3rd century BCE leading to a transformation of the Ananyino to Glyadenovo culture; (ii) climate cooling starting in the 4th-5th century AD led to a lower biological productivity, provoking competition for meadows and arable land and finally an exodus from the territory of the mid-Kama, leading to the appearance of two new cultures: Lomovatovo and Nevolino. I aim to test these hypotheses using palaeoenvironmental reconstructions. In order to reach this aim, I plan to reconstruct plant and land use of the EIA societies inhabiting mid-Kama region and their impact on the vegetation and landscape. The research will be carried out using on-site and off-site radiocarbon-dated archives. The multi-proxy analysis will combine traditional (palynology, loss-on-ignition, archaeobotany, anthracology, wood anatomy studies) and innovative methods (non-pollen palynomorph analysis, macrocharcoal analysis, isotope studies). Based on pollen data, land cover reconstructions will be carried out using current models REVEALS, LOVE and the Multiple Scenario Approach. In addition the best modern analogue technique will be applied to estimate climate and forest cover change. The obtained data will be evaluated with respect to the research hypotheses. By the end of the project, we will have reconstructed the plant and land use of the EIA cultures over time, evaluated human-environment interactions and the role of climate change in human migration processes. The results will contribute to our understanding of the subsistence economy of EIA populations in the boreal zone and their impact on the environment.