Cognitive rehabilitation for memory-impaired individuals : Optimizing the training procedure based on the two-factor model

提示消失法被认为是一种无差错、费力的训练方法，有望为记忆障碍个体提供最佳的学习环境。然而，我们之前的研究表明，MVC不如无差错学习有效。在研究1中，我们以这样一种方式修改了MVC，即使用感知退化刺激作为消失线索来增加消失阶段的数量。失忆症患者被要求在四种不同的研究条件下学习类别-范例对。无错误学习被证明比错误学习更有益，重复了先前的研究结果。相比之下，只有当任务提供很少的环境支持并要求自我启动检索时，努力的好处才会出现。修订后的MVC强调逐渐消退和错误消除，同时保持了所涉及的努力过程。在研究2中，我们引入了知觉和概念的区别，以描述对记忆受损个体的有效干预。阿尔茨海默病患者在四种研究条件下分别学习了一组单词，这些研究条件是通过交叉错误（无错误vs有错误）和特征（感知vs概念）因素设计的。无错误和概念性条件比其他三种条件能更好地唤起记忆。除了消除错误，强调概念编码可能有助于痴呆患者的最佳学习。在研究3中，患有Korsakoff综合症的患者和非健忘症对照组被要求学习物体名称，无论是否口头生成他们的动作，以及是否实际执行生成的动作。有或没有表演动作的言语生成有助于识别，而只有在言语生成加表演条件下才发现回忆优势。在失忆症组和对照组中，自我完成任务的记忆优势得到了证实。少

The method of vanishing cues (MVC) was deemed as an errorless and effortful training procedure and thus was expected to afford the optimal learning environment to memory-impaired individuals. Nevertheless, our previous studies revealed that the MVC was less effective than errorless learning without fading. In Study 1, we revised the MVC in such a way that the number of vanishing stages was increased using perceptually degraded stimuli as vanishing cues. Amnesic patients were asked to learn category-exemplar pairs under four different study conditions. Errorless learning proved to be more beneficial than errorful learning, replicating previous findings. In contrast, the benefit from effort emerged only when the task provided little environmental support and demanded self-initiated retrieval. The revised MVC was found to emphasize gradual fading and error elimination while maintaining effortful processes involved. In Study 2, we introduced the distinction between perceptual and conceptua … More l processing to the delineation of effective intervention for memory-impaired individuals. Patients with Alzheimer's disease learned a list of words under each of four study conditions that were designed by crossing the error (errorless vs. errorful) and the feature (perceptual vs. conceptual) factors. The errorless and conceptual condition led to better recall than did the remaining three conditions. In addition to error elimination, the emphasizing of conceptual encoding was likely to contribute to the optimal learning by dementia patients. In Study 3, patients with Korsakoff's syndrome and nonamnesic controls were required to learn object names with or without verbally generating their actions and with or without actually performing the generated actions. Verbal generation with or without performing actions facilitated recognition, whereas recall advantage was found only in the verbal generation-plus performance condition. A comparable memory advantage of self-performed tasks was confirmed for the amnesic and controls groups. Less