Development of "a school program" policy in Germany and contemporary significance of the principle of "equal opportunity of education"

这项研究有两个目的。主要是阐明德国“一所学校计划政策”的发展趋势。其次，在此基础上，重新审视多轨式中学制度与教育机会均等原则的关系。申请人期望“学校计划政策”赋予教育机会平等原则新的意义。前两年，申请人从个别学校的课程、人事和财务三个方面调查了最近德国的学校改革，以扩大学校的自主权。关于机会平等的原则，有人指出，需要对教育机会提出比20世纪60年代和70年代更新的论点。在第三年，申请人对机会平等原则与学校成就的联系进行了理论分析。下面几点尤为重要。至于多轨中学制度，显然这是导致德国学生成绩低于国际水平的结构性因素。在机会平等的原则下，单一的学校系统必须与一种关于应该获得的能力和知识以及学习方法的观念联系起来。在德国，从这一观点出发，具体的学校制度改革的政策计划被提上了议程。日本的教育政策似乎在摸索向多轨制转变，可以说，德国为日本的教育体制改革提供了有趣的例子。因此，申请人希望进一步推进研究。

This study had two purposes. Primarily it is to clarify a trend of "a school program policy" in Germany. Second, on the basis of it, it is to reexamine relations of a multi track type secondary school system and the principle of equality of educational opportunity. The applicant expected that "a school program policy" gave new significance for the principle of equality of educational opportunity.In the first two years the applicant investigated school reform in recent Germany to expand autonomy of a school from three points of view : a course of study, personnel affairs and financial affairs in individual school. Concerned with the principle of equality of opportunity, it was pointed that newer arguments about educational opportunity than that of 1960's and 1970's were demanded. In the third year, the applicant performed theoretical analysis about connection of the principle of equality of opportunity and the achievement of a school. The next points are in particular important. As for the multi track secondary school system, obviously that is a structural factor to bring about the low achievement of pupils in Germany in comparison with an international standard. And under the principle of equality of opportunity, a single-track school system must be tied to an idea about the ability and the knowledge that should be acquired and the method of learning.In Germany, a policy plan of concrete school system reform from such a point of view comes up in the agenda. It is seemed that educational policies in Japan grope for a shift to a multi track school system, so that we can say that Germany supplies interesting examples to Japanese education system reform closely. Therefore, the applicant wants to push forward a study further more.