The Role of Manners in Theories on the State and Society During the Directoire

本研究项目的目的是调查在法国大革命后期（约1970年）概述的政治理论中，礼仪（moeurs）的社会包容性作用。1795年至1799年）。鉴于革命后期的政治不稳定性，共和主义者、君主主义者或传统主义者提出了一系列关于国家和社会的理论。他们认为，联邦不仅是合法的法律力量，但它需要共同的社会道德信念和行动的支持。待分析的文本语料库包括但不限于Louis Gabriel Ambroise de Bonald、Antoine-Louis-Claude Destutt de Tracy、Joseph de Maistre、Pierre-Samuel Dupont de Nemours、Louis Sébastien Mercier、Pierre-Louis Roederer、Jean-Baptiste Say和Emmanuel Joseph Sièyes的作品。“moeurs”和“moral”这两个词的语义领域的精确定义将作为该项目的一部分。我们的假设是，自从孟德斯鸠使用这个术语以来，两个对立的概念逐渐形成：一方面，礼仪被认为是政治共同体的社会道德和社会文化基础，另一方面，它们被认为是公民自由表现和表达自己的手段。与目前的研究状况相反，我们认为，在整个调查期间，在整个政治光谱中发生的对礼仪的政治重估既不是基于对一元论概念的全面追索，也没有导致政治的过度决定。相反，我们将强调如何审查的作品的作者开发了各种模式的国家和社会之间的关系，参考共和传统以及苏格兰的政治经济。相应的方法包括从自由共和党到保守派的观点，并统一在他们对纯粹的法律的以及经济社会包容的概念的怀疑。因此，礼仪和道德是以一种修改的方式提到的。同时，本研究也将为更好地理解世纪之交社会政治语言的分化提供新的视角。

The Role of Manners in Theories on the State and Society During the DirectoireThe objective of this research project is to investigate the socially inclusive role of manners (moeurs) in the political theories that have been outlined during the late phase of the French Revolution (approx. 1795 to 1799). In the light of the political instability that characterizes the late revolutionary phase, a wide range of theories on the state and society arose from republican as well as monarchist or traditionalist authors. They assumed that the commonwealth is not merely legitimized by the force of law, but that it requires the support of commonly shared sociomoral convictions and actions. The text corpus to be analyzed includes but is not limited to works by Louis Gabriel Ambroise de Bonald, Antoine-Louis-Claude Destutt de Tracy, Joseph de Maistre, Pierre-Samuel Dupont de Nemours, Louis Sébastien Mercier, Pierre-Louis Roederer, Jean-Baptiste Say, and Emmanuel Joseph Sièyes.Based on this text corpus, a precise definition of the semantic field of the terms ‘moeurs’ and ‘moral’ will be developed as part of the project. It is our hypothesis that ever since this terminology has been employed by Montesquieu, two opposing concepts evolved: On the one hand manners were considered the sociomoral and sociocultural foundations of the political community, on the other hand they were conceived as a means through which civil freedom manifested and expressed itself. Contrary to the current state of research, we propose that the political revaluation of manners occurring throughout the investigated period across the entire political spectrum was neither based on a comprehensive recourse on monistic concepts, nor did it result in an overdetermination of the political. Rather, we will highlight how the authors of the examined works developed a variety of models for the relation between the state and society with reference to the republican tradition as well as the Scottish political economy. The corresponding approaches ranged from liberal republican to conservative perspectives and were unified in their skepticism towards the notion of a mere legal as well as economic social inclusion. Hence, manners and morality were referred to in a modified manner. At the same time, this research project will gain new insights for a better understanding of the differentiation of the sociopolitical language at the turn of the nineteenth century.