Pamphleteering and the Nascent Public Sphere in Seventeenth-Century England

本研究的目的是考虑17世纪小册子文化与新兴公共领域发展之间的关系，同时探索本世纪中叶骚乱的各种表现形式被回忆和挪用的方式。在17世纪期间，出版了相当多的小册子和新闻手册，传达政治和宗教信息。廉价书面媒体的泛滥，以及意识形态的复制和解读，共同打开了政治辩论的大众领域。一旦建立了这个争论的空间，它就可以为广泛的公众所利用。这一公共辩论领域的特点是混杂性。这些印刷的新闻报纸仍然处于口头、抄写和印刷文化的边缘。例如，在小册子和新闻手册中，爱尔兰人经常被视为反叛的罗马教徒和未开化的野蛮人；1641年爱尔兰叛乱后，对英格兰人进行种族灭绝的谣言传遍了整个英格兰，这是基于对天主教和天主教入侵英格兰的恐惧。爱尔兰天主教徒被广泛认为是新教的野蛮敌人。事实上，在17世纪的英国，新闻产业的发展与对天主教反宗教改革的担忧和天主教旨在推翻英国新教的阴谋紧密交织在一起。再举一个例子，1660年出版了许多讽刺的伪新闻小册子，嘲笑英国共和国或残余议会。这些小册子建立在复辟论战的共同基础上，这种论战把共和主义描述为煽动性的和混乱的。尽管从哈贝马斯的观点来看，新兴的辩论和讨论领域往往缺乏理性因素，但小册子出版最终刺激了批判性公共辩论领域的出现。

The purpose of this research is to consider the relationship between seventeenth-century pamphlet culture and the development of the nascent public sphere, while exploring the ways in which various representations of the tumult in the mid-century were recalled and appropriated.In the course of the seventeenth-century, quite a number of pamphlets and newsbooks were published, conveying political and religious information. The proliferation of cheap written media and the ideological act of reproduction and interpretation combined to open up a popular sphere of political debate. Once this space for dispute had been established, it became available to a wide spectrum of the public. This sphere of public debate was characterized by its hybridity. These printed newsbooks were still sitting at the borders of oral, scribal and print cultures. For example, in the pamphlets and newsbooks, the Irish were often regarded as rebellious papists and uncivilized barbarians ; after the Irish rebellion of 1641, rumors of genocide of the English people spread all over England, grounded in fears of popery and popish invasion of England. The Irish Catholics were widely regarded as barbarous enemies of Protestantism. In seventeenth-century England, in fact, the development of news industry had been closely interwoven with anxieties about the Catholic counter-reformation and Popish conspiracies aimed at overthrowing English Protestantism. To take another example, numerous satiric pseudo-journalistic pamphlets have been published in 1660, ridiculing the English republic or the Rump parliament. These pamphlets rest upon the common basis of Restoration polemic that characterized republicanism as seditious and chaotic. Even though the emergent sphere of debate and discussion tended to lack a rational factor from the Habermasian perspective, pamphlet publishing eventually stimulated the emergence of a realm of critical public debate.