Privatization of elderly care and municipal responsibilities in Sweden

只有直辖市才能成为护理服务提供者，这一直是瑞典模式中的一个特征。但在90年代的S，我们可以看到一些很大的变化，通过阿德尔改革(1992年的养老改革)和其他行政改革，养老服务的市级垄断状况发生了变化。瑞典已于1995年成为欧盟成员国。这也对他们的养老体系产生了很大的影响。欧盟的方向不允许护理服务的市政垄断。我的研究目的是明确以下三点：(1)瑞典老年护理服务如何私有化，(2)市政当局的责任如何变化，(3)社会企业如何作为新的护理提供者在瑞典的老年护理中工作。我的研究结果如下：(1)2003年瑞典约10%的老年护理服务是由私人组织提供的。与其他国家相比，私人提供的数量并不多，但大多数私人护理提供者是私营公司(以营利为目的)。(2)市政当局仍然有责任保持其服务质量。他们试图制定一些新的质量控制制度。(3)与其他国家相比，瑞典的社会企业数量并不多。但我们可以在未来发现它们的可能性。它们可以给服务用户带来很大的满意度。员工喜欢带着自己的责任工作，自己做决定。而社会企业对社会的贡献也是多方面的。瑞典模式似乎在很多方面都发生了变化，甚至在老年护理体系方面也是如此。另一方面，我们可以发现，一些人物仍然保留下来。例如，市政当局仍然有很大的责任来控制护理服务。另一个例子是护理人员工会在市政雇员和私人雇员之间保持平等的工作条件。

It has been a one of characters in the Swedish Model that only municipality could be a care service provider. But we can find some big changes in the 90's. The municipal monopolistic condition of care services has changed though the ADEL reform (the reform for elderly care in 1992) and other administrative reform. Sweden has become a member of EU in 1995. It gave also a big influence to their elderly care system. The EU direction does not allow the municipal monopoly of care services.Purpose of my study is to clear following three points ; (1) how elderly care services have privatized in Sweden, (2) how municipalities' responsibility has changed, and (3) how social enterprises work in elderly care in Sweden as a new care provider.The results of my research are as follows ;(1)About 10% of elderly care services are supplied by private organizations in 2003 in Sweden. The amount of private supply is not so much compared with other countries, but most of private care providers are private companies (for profit).(2)Municipality continues to have responsibility to keep their service quality. They try to make some new systems for quality control.(3)Number of social enterprises is not so many in Sweden, compared with other countries. But we can find their possibilities in future. They can give a lot of satisfaction to service users. Employees enjoy working with their own responsibility to decide by themselves. And social enterprises contribute for society with many points.It seems that the Swedish Model has changed in many points even in elderly care system. On the other hand, we can find that some characters are still remained. For example, municipality still has a big responsibility to control care services. Another example is that labor union of care workers keep their equal working condition between municipal employees and private employees.