Effects of Japanese Caregivers' Empathetic Speech with Personification on Children's Empathetic Cognition

1.比较了日本和美国图书馆员制作的看护者传单的内容。日本传单比美国传单更经常地描述绘本阅读有助于形成照顾者和孩子之间的良好关系，而美国传单比日本传单更经常地描述读书与获得识字的关系。美国的传单比日本的传单更推荐给看护者对话式阅读。62名有18个月大孩子的日本母亲回答了关于绘本阅读练习、对看护者对幼儿说话的看法、对幼儿阅读绘本的好处的看法以及对孩子5岁时母亲社会化目标的调查问卷。研究结果表明，日本母亲倾向于与孩子建立情感共鸣的关系。他们的社会情感社会化目标导致他们对看护者言语的共情取向，进而导致他们以对话和接受为导向的绘本阅读行为。此外，他们信仰中的移情倾向导致他们使用带有音节重复的婴儿语词汇。六岁的孩子参与了道德判断、对植物和无生命的事物进行生物推理的任务。实验组的孩子用植物和无生命的东西的标签和拟人化后缀“san”来命名。对照组的孩子只给他们的标签命名。实验组的孩子比对照组的孩子更多地根据人的归因进行道德判断。结果表明，添加人格化后缀可以促进幼儿的移情认知。

1.The contents of the leaflets for caregivers produced by Japanese and American librarians were compared. Japanese leaflets describe more often than American leaflets that picture book reading is good for the formation of good relationships between caregivers and their children, while American leaflets describe more often than Japanese leaflets that book reading has the relationships with the acquisition of literacy. American leaflets recommend dialogic reading to the caregivers more than the Japanese leaflets.2.Sixty two Japanese mothers of 18-month old children responded to questionnaires about picture-book reading practices, beliefs about caregivers' speech to toddlers, beliefs about benefits of picture-book reading to toddlers, and maternal socialization goals for when their children would be 5-years old. The results demonstrate that Japanese mothers are oriented to have affectionate-empathetic relationships with their children. Their socio-emotional goal of socialization leads to their empathy orientation in their belief about caregivers' speech, which in turn leads to dialogic and acceptance-oriented picture-book reading practices. Furthermore the empathetic orientation in their belief leads to the use of baby-talk words with the repetition of syllables.3.Six-year-old children participated in the tasks of moral judgments, biological inferences about a plant and an inanimate thing. The plants and the inanimate thing were named with their label and personified suffix "san" for the children in the experimental group. They were named with only their label for the children in control group. The children in the experimental group reasoned the moral judgment referring to the human attributions more often than those in the control group. The results show that adding personified suffix lead the children to empathetic cognition.