From learning through population dynamics to coevolution in three-species interactions : experiment and modeling

在捕食者-猎物实验系统中产生了不同的种群动态模式。在典型的三种实验系统中，我们研究了1个寄主-2寄生蜂系统和2个寄主-1寄生蜂系统。一种翼蜂，Anisopteromalus calandrae，是这些系统中的关键物种。它使三种实验系统具有长期的持久性，因为它控制了前一种系统中具有较高攻击率的拟角蜂（Heterospilus prosopidis），而在后一种系统中则更多地攻击优势竞争对手斑纹小黄蜂（Callosobruchus maculatus）。研究了黄芪的学习行为和寄生偏好。此外，还对三种种群动态、时间序列分析和基于个体的模型进行了研究。两种野鼠竞争曲线的比较。本研究分别为中华绒螯蟹（chinensis）和斑点绒螯蟹（c.m oculates）提供角绒螯蟹（Vigna angularis）和中华绒螯蟹（Vigna sinensis）种子，比较了两种毛螯蟹之间的竞争曲线。斑纹c.c ululates是一种竞争型的、更具优势的竞争者，它抑制了竞争型的中国c.c orensis。拟寄生物的偏好实验本研究分别以中华绒螯蟹（c.c chinensis）和斑点绒螯蟹（c.c maculates） 4^ 0龄幼虫和蛹为食，测定了其对这两种寄主的偏好。我们让每只突然出现的黄蜂攻击同种或异种特异性的寄主，并通过视频记录黄蜂的活动轨迹。这些视频追踪和寄生实验让我们了解了黄芪的行为。寄生偏好随寄生数和寄生天数的增加而增强。三种种群的长期动态观察在三种实验系统中观察了种群的长期动态。在双种系统中，优势寄主种群周期交替产生，而在三种系统中，优势寄主种群周期长期存在。在具有寄生性转换和学习的种群动态模型中也显示出相同的模式。少

Various population dynamic patterns generate in prey-predator experimental systems. In typical three-species experimental systems, we investigated 1 host-2 parasitoid system and 2 host-1 parasitoid one. A pteromalid wasp, Anisopteromalus calandrae, is a key-stone species in those systems. It makes the three-species experimental systems long-term persistence, because it controlled a braconid wasp, Heterospilus prosopidis, which had higher attack rate in the former system, and it attacked more a dominant competitor, Callosobruchus maculatus, in the latter system. We studied learning, behavior of A.calandrae for parasitism preference. In addition, population dynamics of the three species, time-series analysis and individual-based modeling.Comparison between competition curves of the two bruchid speciesC.chinensis and C.maculates were provided with Vigna angularis and V.sinensis seeds, and we compared the competition curves between the two bruchid species. C.maculates is a contest-type, do … More minant competitor, and it depressed competitively C.chinensis which is scramble.Parasitoid's preference experimentWe provided A.calandrae with C.chinensis and C.maculates 4^<th>-instar larvae and pupae and measured the preference for the two bruchid host species. We made each emergent wasp attack ether con- or hetero-specific bruchid hosts in which the parasitoid grew, and we tracked paths of the wasp with video recording. These video-tracking and parasitism experiment allowed us learning behavior of A.calandrae. Preference of parasitism was reinforced more and more, depending on the parasitism numbers on each host and the number of days.Observation of long-term three-species population dynamicsLong-term population dynamics was observed in three-species experimental systems. In the two-seed system, population cycles of dominant host species generated alternately and long-term persistence was seen in the three-species system. The same patterns were showed in a population dynamic model with switching and learning in parasitism. Less