Deciphering inter-individual response profiles to a Positive Interaction Paradigm (PIP)

积极的社会互动会产生缓解焦虑的效果，减弱生理应激反应。然而，这些有益健康的效果因人而异，这取决于以前的婚姻经历。事实上，功能失调的人际行为已被认为是儿童创伤后精神病理风险急剧增加的关键中介因素。虽然有几项任务可以在社会环境中诱导负面情绪并量化压力诱导的反应，但令人惊讶的是，缺乏经过验证的实验范例来评估受控环境中积极社会互动的神经激素反应谱的个体差异。因此，本项目旨在建立标准化的积极互动范式(PIP)，并评估PIP诱导的行为、激素、心理生理和神经变化对接下来的两周内社会互动和感知压力的预测有效性。具体地说，在研究1中，我们计划检验有两个参与者的自然主义PIP(PPIP)和实验者控制的PIP(EPIP)中反应特征的人际同步性，并将结果与没有社会互动的对照条件进行比较。为了探索早期生活经历对积极社会互动的神经激素反应的长期影响，将招募具有不同程度童年创伤的健康参与者。将探讨不同创伤类型(故意创伤与意外创伤)、发展时机、创伤数量和持续时间的影响。在研究2中，我们将使用功能磁共振成像来检查ePIP相对于对照条件的神经后效的个体间差异。我们将集中于两个已知在童年创伤患者中发生变化的读数：(I)在情绪面孔匹配任务中杏仁核的激活和(Ii)对人际接触的感觉皮质激活。我们假设，创伤相关的杏仁核和感觉高反应性在积极的社会互动体验后将得到缓解。总体而言，通过为积极社会互动的反应概况提供标准值，计划中的项目可以奠定实验框架，以改进对心理障碍患者的社会功能障碍和新的有针对性的干预措施的评估。

Positive social interactions confer anxiolytic effects and attenuate physiological stress responses. However, these salubrious effects differ between individuals depending on previous bonding experiences. In fact, dysfunctional interpersonal behavior has been identified as a key mediator of the dramatically increased risk for psychopathology after childhood trauma. While there are several tasks to induce negative emotions in social contexts and quantify the stress-induced responses, there is a surprising paucity of validated experimental paradigms to assess inter-individual differences in the neuro-hormonal response profiles to positive social interactions in a controlled setting. The present project was therefore designed to establish a standardized Positive Interaction Paradigm (PIP) and gauge the predictive validity of PIP-induced behavioral, hormonal, psychophysiological and neural changes for social interactions and perceived stress in the following two weeks. Specifically, in Study 1, we plan to examine interpersonal synchrony of response profiles in a naturalistic PIP with two participants (pPIP) and an experimenter-controlled PIP (ePIP) and compare the outcomes to a control condition without social interaction. To probe the long-term effects of early life experiences on the neuro-hormonal response to positive social interactions, healthy participants with varying levels of childhood trauma will be recruited. The impact of different trauma types (intentional vs. accidental), developmental timing, number and duration of traumata will be explored. In Study 2, we will use functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine inter-individual differences in the neural after-effects of the ePIP relative to the control condition. We will focus on two readouts that are known to be altered in individuals with childhood trauma: (i) amygdala activation during an emotional face matching task and (ii) sensory cortical activations in response to interpersonal touch. We hypothesize that the trauma-associated amygdala and sensory hyperreactivity will be alleviated after the positive social interaction experience. Collectively, by providing norm values for response profiles to positive social interactions, the planned project can lay the experimental framework to improve the evaluation of social dysfunctions and novel targeted interventions in patients with psychological disorders.