The "Gentle Yoke" of the Popes - Apostolic Chamber and Merchant Bankers in Papal States in the 13th Century

该研究项目考察了13世纪教皇财政管理中权威和自治的相互作用，并将其置于最近对替代结构以及中世纪高社会金融史的研究背景下。研究的对象是教宗的时间领域，Patrimonium Petri，它被英诺森三世（1198-1216）置于iugum suave（玛11:30）-教皇的轻松枷锁之下。根据这一假设，由于缺乏资源，教皇管理的重点是确保教皇的财政手段，而不是关注所谓教皇国的政治-领土强制执行。因此，从文化-历史的角度来审视教皇的财政管理，问题不再是关于权威和等级制度，而是关于所涉及的行动者的具体行政实践，他们的象征和机制。关于教皇财政管理的其他结构，这种以主角为中心的方法将通过两个深入分析来应用：1。关于圣彼得遗产的行政管理机构——使徒会的人员和职能；自主经营的意大利商业银行（mercatores）。

The research project examines the interaction of authority and autonomy in the papal financial administration of the 13th century, and is placed in the context of recent research on the alternative structures as well as on the financial history of high medieval society. The object of study is the temporal domain of the papacy, the Patrimonium Petri, which was subjected by Innocent III (1198–1216) to an iugum suave (Mt 11,30) – the easy yoke of the popes. The papal administration, according to this hypothesis, was focused on securing financial means for the papacy due to a lack of resources instead of being concerned with the political-territorial enforcement of the so-called Papal State. Papal financial administration is thereby examined from a cultural-historical perspective, whereby the question is no longer about authorities and hierarchies, but about the specific administrative practice of the involved actors, their symbols and mechanisms. In reference to the alternative structures of the papal financial administration, this protagonist-centred approach will be applied by means of two in-depth analyses: 1. on the personnel and functioning of the Apostolic Chamber, the ruling administrative authority for the patrimony of Saint Peter, and 2. on the autonomously operating Italian merchant bankers (mercatores).