The Study of Survival Strategy of Hunter-Herders in Siberia

雅库特地区的萨哈人不仅为我们展示了现代世界放马民族生存的生动例子，而且也是人类适应恶劣气候的历史例证。这次田野调查研究了夏至节日期间的萨哈人，记录了他们的生活录像，以及传说和民歌的音频记录。调查表明，有证据表明，年轻一代和老一辈人一样，倾向于保留传统文化。放马是在阿拉斯加相对较小的草原上进行的，草原是由永久冻土融化形成的。放牧是在一个男性单位的小范围内进行的，从这一做法可以明显看出，最初的蒙古草原放牧发展为放牧，有两个不同的目的：一个是饲养工作动物，即接受过骑马和工作培训的马；另一个是饲养肉类和皮革产品的牲畜。萨哈人认为…驯鹿放牧正面临灭绝，而前苏联对民族文化的政策、环境破坏和最近的俄罗斯经济危机等因素加速了这一进程。这些因素对传统文化的生存和维护提出了极端的挑战。然而，应该指出的是，吉丹半岛的涅涅茨人仍然能够保持他们传统的生活方式，包括放牧驯鹿、捕鱼和狩猎。随着驯鹿放牧、狩猎和捕鱼等传统生活活动的消失，以狩猎野生动物为目的的肉类销售变得越来越重要。此外，最近西方营销原则的兴起对苏联时代建立的传统野肉和毛皮市场产生了严重影响。最近的环境保护措施对狩猎和捕鱼活动施加了严格限制，进一步危及传统文化和生活方式的延续。较少

The Sakha in the Yakuts region not only present us a living example of the survival of horse herding peoples in the modern world, but they exemplify a historical account of the adaptation of man toward severe climates. This field survey studied the Sakha during summer soltice festivities, taking in video recordings of their lives, and audio recordings of legends and folk songs. The survey indicated evidence that the younger generation was apt toward maintaining the traditional culture, along with their older generation. Horse herding is conducted on relatively small scale grasslands in Alass, formed by thawing of permafrost ground. Horse grazing is done in small area segments of one male unit, and from this practice, it is apparent that the original Mongol grassland herding developed into herding with the two distinct purposes : one, for raising working animals, i.e. horses trained for riding and working ; the other, for raising livestock for meat and leather products. The Sakha consid … More er both purposes as equally important.Reindeer herding is facing extinction, and this has been accelerated by factors such as the former Soviet policy toward ethnic cultures, environmental destruction, and recent Russian economic crisis. Such factors have presented an extreme challenge toward the survival and maintenance of traditional cultures. However, it should be noted that the Nenets of Gydan Peninsular have been able to maintain their traditional lifestyle, consisting of reindeer herding, fishing, and hunting.With the disappearance of traditional life sustenance activities, such as reindeer herding, hunting, and fishing, hunting for wild animals for the purpose of marketing meat has become increasingly important. Furthermore, the recent onset of Western marketing principles have had a severe impact on the traditional markets for wild meat and fur, established during the Soviet era. Recent environmental protection measures have posed strict limits on hunting and fishing activities, further jeopardizing the continuation of traditional cultures and lifestyles. Less