Resources ＆ Economy on Swamp Environments of Southeast Asia

在东南亚的沼泽地，包括红树林、珊瑚礁、潮滩和淡水带，各种可再生的自然资源已经被当地居民、政府机构和企业家利用。目前的研究已经阐明了这些湿地资源利用的一般特征：(1)资源使用者包括采集者（原住民）、专业渔民和农渔民；(2)资源利用模式在这几十年中发生了巨大变化；(3)可再生自然资源的开发不仅是为了维持生计，而且还作为当地、区域和国际市场的商品，在这些市场中，复杂的民族网络联系在一起；(4)在快速的社会经济变化下，资源管理实践已经在社区层面实施，并实施了联合共同管理计划。具体而言，目前的研究表明：(1)在三个主要生态区；在市场经济体系中，类似的资源利用过程被视为商品生产，但(2)根据生态和社会经济条件，也发生了特定区域的变化，(3)由于高市场需求和环境恶化，对资源的冲突和竞争有所增加。在淡水地区，大坝建设和伐木业是影响老挝水生环境和相关生产活动的两个主要因素。在沿海和潮滩或越南、泰国南部，红树林的破坏和为虾和鱼塘开垦的土地以及锡矿开采也对捕鱼和收集活动造成严重的不良影响。在沿海地区，拖网渔船和推网渔船数量的增加导致资源枯竭，特别是虾和鱼的幼鱼。这三个生态区的变化也对周边生态区产生了影响，这些生态区是当地居民日常生活所依赖的。因此，考虑到生态区之间的相互作用，可持续资源管理的综合方案至关重要。因此，共同管理方案不仅应该在有关人员之间设计，而且应该在环境本身之间设计，作为生态管理。少

In marshlands of Southeast Asia, including mangrove, coral reefs, tidal flat, and freshwater zones, a variety of renewable natural resources have been utilized by local inhabitants, government agencies and entrepreneurs. Present research has clarified the following general characteristics of the resource use in these marshlands ; (1) resource users include foragers (Orang Asli) , specialized fishermen, and farmer-fishermen, (2) resource use patterns have drastically been changed during these few decades, (3) renewable natural resources have been exploited not only for subsistence but also as commodities for local, regional and international markets in which complex ethno-networks are linked together, and (4) under rapid socio-economic changes resource management practices have been implemented at the community-level as well as a joint co-management programs..Specifically, present research has demonstrated that (1) in three major ecological zones ; e.g., freshwater, brackish and littora … More l, and coastal zones, similar process of resource use is seen as commodity production in market economy systems, but that (2) zone-specific changes have also occurred according to ecological and socio-economic conditions, and (3) conflicts and competition over resources have increased due to high market demand and environmental deteriorations.In freshwater zones, dam construction, and logging industry in Laos are two major factors to affect aquatic environment and associated productive activities. In littoral and tidal flats or Viet Nam, southern Thailand, mangrove destruction and land reclamation for shrimp and fish ponds, and tin mining have also caused serious ill-effects for fishing and collecting activities. In coastal zones, an increasing number of trawlers and push netters have brought about resource depletion especially of juveniles of shrimps and fish. These changes of three ecological zones have also affected upon neighboring ecological zones on which local inhabitants have depended on their daily pursuits. Integrated programs for sustainable resource management are therefore vitally important, taking interactions between ecological zones being into consideration. Co-management scheme should then be designed not only among people involved, but also the environments themselves, as eco-management. Less