Social Psychological Investigations on Emerging Processes of "Social Bondings" in the Urban Life.

本课题组从多个角度对日本城市化社会中的“社会束缚”进行了研究，如女性社会地位的变化、社区对公民个人控制的减弱、老龄问题等。本文的研究结论如下：1.城市化带来的人际关系变化。城市化将传统的人际关系分化为三种不同的类型，即结构关系、范畴关系和人际关系。结构性因素意味着他们是在社会结构的环境中形成的，例如，角色关系。而直截了当的判断是基于对他人的刻板印象。这两种关系是以问题解决或任务成就为导向的。另一方面，个人成员更情绪化，更有利于成员的自我实现。城市化造成的重要后果之一是城市社会环境中的范畴关系占主导地位，结构关系与个人关系分离。这种现象被称为“生活的个性化和社会化”。城镇化的人经常被批评为冷漠或自私，但许多人适应了城市生活环境，实际上是在处理差异化和复杂的人际关系时机智地处理，他们有一种现代城市化社会的生活方式，我们称之为“城市生活方式”。在我们的社会中，应该进一步调查个人关系、仅在家庭或各种封闭群体中的亲密关系。但是，这需要越来越多的努力才能与他人建立良好的个人关系。这可能会导致各种心理或社会问题。

Our project group has investigated "social bondings" in Japanese urbanized society from several perspectives, e.g. changes of women's social status, declines of community control over individual citizens, problems of the aged, etc.. the conclusions of our researches are following :1. Human relationships have changed as results of urbanizations.2. The urbanizations had differentiated traditional human relations into three different types, i.e. structural, categorical, and personal relations. the structural ones mean they are formed in socially structured settings, for example, role relationships. And the categorical ones are based upon stereotyped judgments about others. These two types of relations are oriented to problem-solutions or task-achievements. On the other hand, the personal ones are more emotional and they facilitate self-actualizations of members.3. One of important consequences caused by the urbanization was that categorical relations became dominant and structural relations were segragated from personal ones in urban social environments. this phenomena were called as "individuation and socialization of life".4. Urbanized people were often criticized as being cold or selfinterested, but many people adjusted themselves to urban life environments were actually tactful in coping with differentiated and complicated human relations and they have a type of life style for modern urbanized society, which we called "a urban life style".5. Further investigations should be done about personal relations intimacy only in a family or vary closed groups in our society. But, it requires more and more efforts to get good personal relations with others. it might be that this could cause various psychological or social problems.