The relevance of dynamic belief updating to emerging psychopathology during adolescence

背景：许多重大精神障碍始于青春期。青春期是一个过渡期，蓝斑是觉醒调节、证据积累和动态信念更新的关键结构，其特征是向同伴定向、神经重组和神经可塑性增加。随之而来的神经认知和环境变化使青少年容易出现心理健康问题。目的和目的：为了加深我们对DyBU在与社会背景相互作用中的作用在青春期精神病理学发展中的理解，我们将单独和结合背景因素来研究DyBU和假设的潜在神经认知机制(惊讶、阶段瞳孔关联唤醒、网络重置)。我们将测试DyBU在青春期出现的核心精神病理维度上的变化的预测价值，包括内在性症状(例如，焦虑、抑郁)、去抑制外化症状(例如，注意力缺陷、药物使用)和思维障碍(例如，精神病症状)。假设：(1)与成人相比，青春期动态BU的神经认知机制将反映出对新遇到的观察给予比标准更强的权重，导致对环境变化的更强信念更新，我们预计这种趋势在奖励和社会背景下会被放大；(2)青春期动态BU的变化与精神病理学有关，并预测随着时间的推移精神病理学的发生或增加；(3)青春期对环境变化的预期更高的反应及其受奖励和社会背景的调节增加了在不利环境背景下精神病理学发展的脆弱性。计划方法：将招募两个样本：青少年(12-17岁，n=300)和成年人(25-30岁，n=100)。第一次实验室会议包括对精神病理学、觉醒和研究股使用的标准变点任务的基线评估。在第二阶段，参与者将完成诊断性评估，并使用奖励和社会背景的实验变量进行任务变体。将测量DyBU的计算参数(相对和意外不确定性)和心理生理学参数(通过脑电和瞳孔反应)。体验抽样将被用来评估为期一周的两次会议之间的现实生活中的社交和奖励背景。为了检验DyBU神经认知指标对精神病理学的预测有效性，将在6个月、12个月和18个月后重新评估精神状态。预期影响：这一结果将为深入了解DyBU和青春期新出现的精神病理学之间的关系提供重要的见解，并有望为预防干预提供新的起点。

Background: Many major mental disorders begin during adolescence. Adolescence is a transitional period characterized by orientation towards peers, neural reorganization and increased neural plasticity in the locus coeruleus, a key structure for arousal modulation, evidence accumulation and dynamic belief updating (DynBU). The concomitant neurocognitive and environmental changes render adolescents vulnerable to developing mental health conditions. Aims and objectives: To increase our understanding of the role of DynBU in interaction with social context for the development of psychopathology in adolescence, we will examine DynBU and the hypothesized underlying neurocognitive mechanisms (surprise, phasic pupil-linked arousal, network reset) alone and in combination with contextual factors. We will test for the predictive value of alterations of DynBU on core psychopathological dimensions that emerge during adolescence and include internalizing symptoms (e.g., anxiety, depression), disinhibited externalizing symptomatology (e.g., attention deficit, substance use) and thought disorder (e.g., psychotic symptoms). Hypotheses: (1) Compared to adults, the neurocognitive mechanisms of DynBU in adolescence will reflect giving stronger-than-normative weight to newly encountered observations, resulting in stronger belief updates in response to environmental change, a tendency we expect to be amplified in rewarding and social contexts; (2) Alterations in DynBU during adolescence are associated with psychopathology and predict the onset or increase of psychopathology over time; (3) The expected higher responsiveness to environmental change and its modulation by rewarding and social contexts during adolescence increases vulnerability to the development of psychopathology in detrimental environmental contexts. Planned methods: Two samples will be recruited: adolescents (age 12-17, n = 300) and adults (age 25-30, n = 100). The first laboratory session includes a baseline assessment of psychopathology, arousal, and the standard change-point task used in the Research Unit. In a second session, participants will complete the diagnostic assessment and conduct task variants with experimental variations of reward and social context. Computational parameters of DynBU (relative and unexpected uncertainty) and psychophysiological parameters (via EEG and pupil response) will be measured. Experience sampling will be used to assess real-life social and reward contexts between the sessions over the course of one week. To examine the predictive validity of the neurocognitive indicators of DynBU for psychopathology, the mental status will be re-assessed after 6, 12 and 18 months. Expected impact: The results will provide important insight into the relationship between DynBU and emerging psychopathology during adolescence and promise to offer novel starting points for preventive interventions.