Establishment of Cropping System at Paddy Field by Paddy-Upland Rotation System

在东北地区，最广泛意义上的集体使用的稻田总面积达9.2万公顷，其中5800公顷以某种有组织的方式用于种植水稻以外的作物。这些作物大多是大豆和大麦，它们获得了更多的补贴。由于这些发现，可以推测，仍然很少有人关心真正的集体土地利用，这可以作为稻田新利用的好例子。其次，作者得出结论，某种形式的补贴是必要的经济激励，使集体土地使用的成功。因为在东北地区，大米是所有农作物中生产成本最低的，是最赚钱的作物，为了诱导农民种植大米以外的作物，有必要补偿农民的差价。此外，为了开发稻田种植其他作物，土地必须重新开发。从组织的角度来看，更重要的是一个组织的存在，以调整有关农民之间错综复杂的利益冲突，使他们有可能达成共识。可以利用农村传统的协商一致意见制度作为这样一个组织，只要它在必要时得到农业合作社和政府机构的协助。为了使集体土地使用成为一个成功的企业，有关各方必须有一个独立的管理机构，能够最大限度地满足成员的共同利益，同时以有效的方式追求自己的利益。最后，所谓的“大型农场”、“多样化的农业组织”或“合作化管理”不太可能成功地发挥这种组织的作用。相反，似乎需要发展某种形式的“以村为基础的农业企业”或“合作农业企业”。少

In Tohoku region, the total area of rice field in collective use, in the broadest sense of the term, amounts to 92,000 ha, of which 5,800 ha is used to grow crops other than rice in some organized ways. Most of these crops are soybeans and barley which have access to larger subsidy.Because of these findings, it is presumed that there are still very few cares of real collective land use which can be cited as good examples of new use of rice fields.Next, the author reached a conclusion that some form of subsidization is essential as an economic incentive to make collective land use a success. This is because in Tohoku region, rice is the most profitable crop since the cost of production is the lowest of all crops, and to induce farmers to grow crops other than rice, it is necessary to compensate farmers for the price differentials. Moreover, in order to exploit rice fields for cultivation of other crops, the land has to be redeveloped.From an organizational point of view, the author find … More it essential that an organization exists to make adjustment of intricate conflict of interests among the farmers concerned and to make it possible for them to reach a consensus. The traditional consensus-reaching system in farming villages could be used as such an organization, provided that it is assisted by the agricultural cooperatives and governmental agencies from time to time as necessary.In order for a collective land use to be a successful venture, it is necessary for the parties concerned to have an independent management body capable of giving maximum satisfaction to the common interests of members while pursuing its own interest at the same time and in an effective manner.Lastly, so-called "large-scale farms", "diverse agricultural organizations" or "cooperative management, are unlikely to play the role of such an organization successfully. Instead, it seems that some form of "village-based agricultural enterprises" or "cooperative agricultural enterprise" needs to be developed to that end. Less