Behavioral Study for Management of Grazing Steers and Heifers in Sloped Pasture.

在添加每5头荷斯坦小母牛（组37和23）后，在两组（每组32头和18头赫里福德小母牛和阉牛）中观察行为。在每组后，分别对第37组和第23组的大型但高度升高的牧场和小型且相对平坦的牧场进行观察。23号群的早期采食行为发生了品种间的同步化，而37号群的早期采食行为则没有同步化。第23组的争斗性遭遇频率迅速下降，而非身体性遭遇占总遭遇的比例表明，第37组的社会结构比第23组稳定。在小而平坦的草地上生长的组比在其他草地上生长的组好。草地地形对放牧和休息时间没有影响，而草地海拔则影响放牧和休息场所。放牧牛的栖息地与环境温度、风速和水体位置有关，在每头放牧牛的空间允许量相近的各试验草地上，比较了大（36-39）和小（22-25）头放牧牛的空间分布和群居行为。大群牛比小群牛更趋向于相对分散。大规模的群体表现出更频繁的相遇，而相遇的频率受到牧草产量的影响。

Behavior was observed in two groups of 32 and 18 Hereford heifers and steers after adding of each 5 Holstein heifers (groups 37 and 23). Observation was conducted after each grouping in large but highly elevated pasture and small and relative flat pasture for groups 37 and 23, respectively. A synchronization of the eating pattern between breeds was occurred in early stage in group 23 rather than that in group 37. Frequency of agonistic encounter was rapidly decreased in group 23, while according to the result of proportion of non-physical encounters to total encounter suggested that social structure in group 37 was more stable than that in group 23.These two groups in each pasture were studied continuously through summer season on their growth performance and behavior. Growth of group in small and flat pasture was better than the other. Topography of pasture had no effect on grazing and resting time, while elevations of pasture influenced on their grazing and resting sites. Resting site of grazing cattle were related to ambient temperature, wind velocity and position of water.Spacing and social behavior in large (36-39) and small (22-25) were compared in each experimental pasture which had similar space allowance per animal. Cattle in large group tended to disperse relatively rather than that in small group. Group of large size showed more frequent encounters, while frequency of encounter was influenced by grass yield in the pasture.