Geoecological and Socio-Structural Impacts of the Settlement-Removal Schemes Caused by Natural Disasters or Dam-Constructions.

1. 这个项目的目的是分析移徙计划的地质生态和社会结构影响，这些计划主要是由于自然灾害或偏远农村地区的水坝建设而进行的，特别考虑到它们对保护资源和振兴人口减少的外围地区的意义。调查区域位于；a)长野县稻谷，b)福岛县多达米谷，在洪水灾害后实施了移民搬迁计划；c)福岛县大野盆地，在与久生龙河水资源开发项目有关的地方实施了类似的计划。3 .在调查区域内，通过实地摄影和实地调查，绘制了不同阶段的地质生态图和土地利用图，并通过文献资料和对相关村民的访谈，调查了各区域村庄社区社会结构的变化过程。本研究的主要结果如下：(1) 20世纪60年代的移民搬迁计划大多是在发生严重自然灾害之后实施的。这些村落通常位于海拔高、坡度陡、降雪多等不利环境的偏远山区。(2)这些村落的村民长期以养蚕、制炭等传统职业维持着相当稳定的生活。虽然村庄被遗弃的直接原因往往是各种自然灾害，但在20世纪60年代经济扩张时期，这些传统职业的急剧下降应该被认为是其背后的更大原因。(3)我们可以认识到，受周围地区的物质、社会经济和行政环境的制约，被移徙者在新定居社区生活的各种形式的重建过程。然而，作为一个类似村庄的社区，维持人际关系的可能性，例如，群体殖民制度，同村民社区的组织，等等，对于被迁移的人的成功定居是非常重要的。(4)自20世纪70年代以来，即使在偏远的农村地区，由于交通设施的改善、机动化趋势的增加和当地劳动力市场的扩大，村庄的隔离程度也普遍降低，因此，移民案件的数量显著减少。(5)然而，由于对森林和河流的过度管理，在被遗弃的原村庄地区，地质生态环境恶化的趋势加速了，导致整个流域的保护受到威胁。(6)因此，迁居计划对当地社区及其地质生态环境的多重影响可以被认为为我们未来的国土保护问题提供了许多重要的建议。少

1. This project aims at an analysis of the geoecological and socio-structural impacts of the settlement-removal schemes, which were carried out mainly on account of natural disasters or dam-constructions in remote rural areas, under special consideration of their significances for resources conservation and revitalization of the depopulated peripheral regions.2. Survey areas are located in ; a) Ina-valley, Nagano-Ken, b) Tadami-valley, Fukushima-Ken, were settlement removal schemes were practiced after flood disasters, and c) Ohno-basin, Fukui-Ken, where similar schemes were practiced in connection with the Kuzuryu-river water resources development projects.3. In the survey areas, geoecological and land use maps of different stages were produced by means of areal photographs and field works, and the process of changing social structure of village communities of the respective areas were investigated by the documents and interviews with related villagers.4. Main results of this research … More are as follows ; (1) Most cases of the settlement-removal schemes in 1960s were practiced just after severe natural disasters. These villages were usually located in remote mountain areas with unfavorable circumstances, such as high altitude, steep slope, heavy snowfall, etc. (2) People of those villages had long kept up their quite stable living by traditional callings, like sericulture, charcoal making, etc. Although the direct causes of the village abandonments were often some sorts of natural disasters, a sharp decline of those traditional callings, during the era of economic expansion in 1960s, should be appreciated as playing a greater roll behind them. (3) We can recognize various forms of reconstruction process of living in the newly settled communities of the removed people, conditioned by physical, socio-economic and administrative circumstances of the surrounding areas. However, the possibilities of maintaining human relations as a village-like community, for instance, the group-colonization system, the organization of same-villager community, and so on, are very important for the successful settling down of the removed people. (4) Since 1970s, even in the remote rural areas, the grade of village-isolation has been generally diminished, through the improved transport facilities, the increasing motorization tendencies and the extending local labor markets, and, consequently, the number of settlement-removal cases has remarkably decreased. (5) Nevertheless, in the once abandoned former village areas, a tendency of deteriorating geoecological environments has been accelerated through the extremely intensified managements of forests and streams, bringing as a consequence the total river basin conservation in danger. (6) Thus, the multiple impacts of the settlement-removal schemes upon local communities and their geoecological circumstances can be recognized as giving us many important suggestions for the future conservation problems of our national land. Less