The role of snow and ice in the water cycle on the Tibetan Plateau

1994年是该项目的最后一年，在继续监测的基础上，进行了密集的夏季观测和大面积的数据采集，(1)对唐古拉山地区进行了连续观测，获得了以下数据：(1)获得了3个流域整整一年的气象要素资料、冰川物质平衡资料和冰温资料。(B)从1993年5月到11月，10个日本成员和3个中国成员合作测量了区域降水分布、冰川质量平衡、冻地蒸发、热/水通量的区域特征所需的元素。(2)进行了以下大范围的数据收集：(A)高原不同地点的气象数据和降水样本。(B)用于反演面地面湿度和地面状况的卫星数据(jers1、mos1、noaa)。通过这些观测和分析得到以下结果：(1)作为The…冰川内部堆积对冰川物质平衡的贡献较大。(2)冰川上的生物活动低于青藏高原南部冰川。(3)不同站位冻土层的活跃层厚度在80~220 cm之间。主要的决定因素是土壤水分含量，而不是土壤质地。(4)3个流域(21~4538 km2)的排水特征不同。(5)该地区年降水量可达1000 mm，远高于较低的永久站点。(6)冬季由于积雪覆盖，地表热/水通量与海拔高度相关，但夏季主要取决于土壤水分。(7)从JERSI卫星上获得了3幅研究区的SAR图像。(8)青藏高原三角洲180的面积分布特征表明，该地区存在一定的降水再循环的可能性，由于在三年研究期的最后一年进行了密集的测量，最终报告将于1994年晚些时候发布。较少

In 1994, the final year of the project, intensive summer observations and wide area data and sample collections were made, besides continuing the monitoring observations.(1)Observations at Tanggula Mountain area were continued and the following data were obtained.(a)Data on the meteorological elements, glacier mass balance and ice temperature data, discharge data at 3 drainage areas were obtained for one full year. These are still continuing.(b)From May to November 1993, 10 Japanese members and 3 Chinese members, collaborated to measure elements needed for areal precipitation distribution, glacier mass balance, evaporation on frozen ground, areal characteristics of heat/water fluxes.(2)Following wide area data collections were made(a)Meteorological data and precipitation sample at various sites on the Plateau.(b)Satellite data (JERS1, MOS1, NOAA) for retrieving areal ground moisture and surface condition data.Following results were obtained from these observations and analysis.(1)As th … More e glaciers in these regions are cold, internal accumulation contributes much to the mass balance of the glacier.(2)The biological activity on the glacier is lower than the glaciers on the southern part of Tibet Plateau.(3)The active layer thickness of the frozen ground layer varies from 80 to 220cm among sites. The predominant determinant factor is the soil moisture content, rather than the soil texture. Evaporation is nearly doubled at thin active layer parts.(4)The drainage characteristics differ among three drainage areas (21 to 4538km2).(5)Precipitation in this area may reach 1000 mm per year which is much higher than the lower permanent stations.(6)Surface heat/water fluxes have altitude dependency in winter due to snow coverage, but depend on mainly on soil moisture in summer.(7)Three SAR images of the study area were obtained from satellite JERSI. Areal distribution of soil moisture may be able to be obtained from these data.(8)Characteristics of areal distribution of delta180 on Tibet Plateau, show some possibility of precipitation recycling in this area.As the intensive measurements were made at the last year of the three years study period, the final report will be published later in 1994. Less