Interactions between Neural Oscillators and their Functional Hierarchical Structures

动物在氟烷麻醉下在前丘-后乳头水平去脑。然后将动物固定在立体定位框架上，并将四肢放在移动的跑步机带上。将玻璃绝缘钨微电极插入中脑以识别中脑运动区（MLR），刺激该区域可诱导在跑步机上的运动。将强直电刺激（50脉冲/s）输送至MLR。通过将双极电极植入双侧腓肠肌和膈肌记录肌电图，分别评估踏步节律和呼吸节律。通过记录心电图（ECG）评估心律。心跳周期被转换成另一个脉冲串，其中脉冲以相等的间隔排列，脉冲高度代表心跳周期。将变换后的心跳信号称为心跳波动。静止时，卡片 ...更多信息 iac节律受到呼吸节律的强烈调节（呼吸性窦性心律失常，RSA）。在跑步机运动过程中，这种呼吸对心跳的调节程度变小。这一结果表明，运动过程中心脏和呼吸节律之间的耦合强度减弱。然后在氟烷麻醉下切断动物双侧迷走神经。静息状态下，迷走神经切断术后心跳阻力调节的程度明显减少。然而，强度的心肺耦合变得更大，在运动过程中比在休息。然后用三乙基碘化没食子胺（4 mg/Kg i. v.）使动物麻痹，人工通风还在麻醉下进行气胸。在这样的准备中，向MLR递送强直电刺激以引起虚构运动。心率波动和后肢肌神经传出放电之间的一致性被用来评估在MLR引起的虚构运动期间心脏和运动节律之间的耦合。心脏搏动明显受到中枢产生的步进节律的调制。这一结果表明，有中枢起源的运动-心脏耦合。基于上述发现以及我们以前的研究结果，我们提出了一个新的模型有关的生物振荡器的层次结构。少

Animals were decerebrated at the precollicular-postmammillary level under halothane anesthesia. The animal was then fixed to a stereotaxic frame, and the limbs were placed on a moving treadmill belt. The glass-insulated tungsten microelectrode was inserted into the midbrain to identify the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR), stimulation of which induces locomotion on a treadmill. Tonic electrical stimulation (50 pulses/s) was delivered to the MLR. Electromyograms were recorded by implantation of bipolar electrode into the bilateral gastrocnemius muscle and the diaphragm to evaluate the stepping rhythm and the respiratory rhythm, respectively. The cardiac rhythm was assessed by recording of electrocardiogram (ECG). The heart beat periods were transformed into another pulse train in which the pulses were arranged in equal intervals with the pulse height representing the heart beat periods. The transformed heart beat signal was designated as the heart beat fluctuation. At rest, the card … More iac rhythm was strongly modulated by the respiratory rhythm (Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia, RSA). The extent of such respiratory modulation of heart beat became small during treadmill locomotion. This result suggested that the coupling strength between the cardiac and the respiratory rhythms became weak during locomotion. The animal was then vagotomized bilaterally under halothane anesthesia. At rest, the extent of the resiratory modulation of heart beat markedly reduced after vagotomy. However, the strength of the cardiorespiratory coupling became greater during locomotion than that at rest. The animal was then paralyzed with gallamine triethiodide (4 mg/Kg i.v.), and artificially ventilated. Pneumothorax was also performed under anesthesia. In such a preparation, tonic electrical stimulation was delivered to the MLR to elicit fictive locomotion. The coherence between the heart beat fluctuation and the efferent discharges of the hindlimb muscle nerve was used to evaluate the coupling between cardiac and locomotor rhythms during MLR-elicited fictive locomotion. Heart beat was apparently modulated by the centrally generated stepping rhythm. This result demonstrated that there was a locomotor-cardiac coupling of central origin. Based on the above findings as well as on our previous ones, we proposed a new model concerning the hierarchical structure of biological oscillators. Less