Transfer of Technology to Japanese Affiliate Plants in Asia Case Study on Automobile and Electronics Industries

我们的研究小组研究了维持日本汽车和电子公司国际竞争力的生产系统的国际转移问题。本文的研究主要集中在与车间人为因素相关的系统上。“应用”是指引进管理资源竞争优势的方面，“适应”是指日本企业适应东道国当地环境的方面。我们考虑了“应用”和“适应”的混合体是如何以及为什么形成的。我们于1992年在韩国和台湾进行了一项针对34种植物的实地研究，并在新加坡、马来西亚和泰国进行了35种植物的研究。但是，由于对东盟国家的研究结果整理和分析不够，我将在本大纲中介绍韩国和台湾的研究。第一点也是最重要的一点是，在东道国引入工作分类、工资制度、晋升制度等工作组织和激励制度时，没有出现严重的摩擦。这些都是日本式灵活工作组织和技能形成的前奏。与人的要素相关的核心制度的适用程度之所以高，是因为韩国和台湾没有像美国的岗位控制工会主义那样的制度性障碍。其次，我们应该注意到，这些制度的应用是在日本侨民少于美国的情况下实现的。第三，日本实际方法的渗透，如通过轮岗和在生产的每个阶段的工作过程中实行的质量控制来培养多技能工人，滞后于系统的引入。

Our research group examines the problem of the international transfer of the production system which sustain the international competitiveness of the Japanese automobile and electronics companies. The study mainly focused on the system related to the human elements of shop-floor. "Application" signifies the aspects of the introduction of the competitive advantages of managerial resources, whereas "Adaptation" means the aspect that Japanese companies adapt to local environments of host countries. We consider how and why the hybrids of the "Application" and "Adaptation" are formed. We executed a field study where targeted plants amounted to 34 in Korea and Taiwan in 1992, and conducted the study of 35 plants in Singapore, Malaysia and Thailand. However, as the results of ASEAN countries are not organized and analyzed enough, I will introduce research in Korea and Taiwan in this outline.The first and the most important point is that the work organization and motivation systems such as job classification, wage system and promotion system are introduced into the host countries without serious friction. These are preposition of the Japanese style flexible work organization and skill formation. The reason why the application degree is high in terms of core system related to the human elements is that in Korea and Taiwan there are no institutional obstacles such as job control unionism in the United States.Secondry, We should notice that application of the systems is realized under the condition of fewer Japanese expatriates than in the United States.Thirdly, the penetration of actual Japanese method such as foster of multiskilled workers by job rotation and quality control practiced in the work process at each stage of production lags behind the introduction of systems.