Socio-Economic Change and Cultural Adaptation in Borneo

本研究试图阐明婆罗洲人民如何使其文化适应全国的社会经济变化。宫本茂的研究数据表明，自20世纪70年代以来，不少村民皈依基督教和伊斯兰教以来，沙巴的都孙已经被置于法律多元主义的新环境中，都孙土著法、民族/州法、基督教法和伊斯兰教法在一个社区中，村民之间发生的冲突大多是在他们的土著法新调整到其他三个法律的基础上进行管理的。Peter和Awang Hasmadi在沙捞越的研究表明，伊班人（Iban）和塞拉科人（Selako）等土著民族通过重组土著法律，使他们的法律文化适应了新的社会经济环境。Uchibori对文莱伊班和沙捞越两个地方的研究数据表明，由于生存和政府政策等方面的差异，同一民族的人们表现出不同的适应模式。在东马来西亚有一些爪哇移民。Someya在沙巴的个案研究表明，爪哇人努力使自己适应沙巴人的生活方式，有意识地采用自己的传统价值观，并采取与后者和谐相处的战略。婆罗洲社会经济的变化对传统的物质文化产生了强烈的影响。Sato、Patricia和Matussin指出，外部影响，如大规模的木材业务和政府的民族一体化、农业发展和旅游推广政策，在很大程度上改变了传统房屋和其他文物（如服装和装饰品）的材料和意义。这项联合研究的结果将于1995年3月作为题为《婆罗洲的文化适应》的一卷出版。

This study attempts to clarify how the Bornean peoples have adapted their cultures to the nationwide socio-economic changes.Miyamoto's research data shows that the Dusun of Sabah have been placed in the new setting of legal pluralism, with Dusun indigenous law, national/state law, Christian law and Islamic law in one community, since the 1970's when not a few villagers were converted to Christianity and Islam, and that conflicts occurring among the villagers are mostly managed on the basis of their indigenous law newly adjusted to the other three laws. Peter and Awang Hasmadi's research in Sarawak reveals that the indigenous peoples such as the Iban and the Selako have adapted their legal culture to the new socio-economic setting, by reorganising their indigenous laws.Uchibori's research data on the Iban of Brunei and two localities in Sarawak indicate that the people of the same ethnic group have shown different patterns of adaptation, due to the differences in subsistence and governmental policy, among others.In East Malaysia there are a number of Javanese transmigarnts. Someya's case studies in Sabah clarify that those Javanese have endeavoured to adapt themselves to the Sabahans' life-style, consciously employing their own traditional values, with a strategy of creating harmony with the latter.The socio-economic changes in Borneo have exerted strong influences upon the traditional material cultures. Sato, Patricia and Matussin indicate that external impacts, such as the large-scale timber business and the government's policies for national integration, agricultural development and tourism promotion, have largely changed the materials and meanings of traditional houses and other artifacts such as costumes and ornaments.The results of this joint-research will be published in March 1995, as a volume entitled Cultural Adaptation in Borneo.