Research for the Social mobility and Hegemony in the Occidental modern History

1.本研究旨在揭示西方国家、英国、法国和德国近代史上的社会流动性和霸权阶级。在这个计划中，我们关心的是如何了解文化手段（如说教、仪式、象征、精英统治）或机器（如教育工具、工会、教会）是如何代替行政机器来领导和统治（也就是说，影响霸权）下层阶级的。2. 经过三年的共同研究，我们得出了如下结论：(1)首先，在英国，都铎王朝统治下的上层贵族（16世纪的中上层），特别是那些被任命为侍从的人（在财政部）通过参加国王的私人仪式而变得有影响力；在18世纪，中产阶级作为士绅和平民的中间阶层，与前者共同拥有金钱利益，吸收了城镇中的绅士文化（引人注目的融合）；例如)；19世纪末，伦敦金融城的金融界被认为是绅士社会和绅士资本主义。第二，在法国，从来没有像英国绅士那样的“完整阶级”。“Anobli”虽然介于贵族和上层资产阶级之间，但并没有将两者结合起来，帝国贵族（1808-1814）也没有构成混合。但在我们看来，这些都很有趣，因为他们代表了精英政治，这吸引了中产阶级尤其是帝国军事候选人的思想。直到第三共和国之前，中产阶级才独立地成为霸权，这是通过向下层阶级提供社会提升的机会来实现的。(3)在19世纪的德国，一部分中产阶级通过购买骑士土地进入贵族阶层。我们看到这两个阶级一边是冲突，一边是联盟。

1.This Research was planned to give light on the social mobility and hegemonial classes in Modern history of the occidental states, England, France and Germany. In that plan we are concerned to know how the cultural means(such as preach, ceremony, symbol, meritocracy)or apparatus(like educational instrument, trade union, church)have served to lead and govern(that's to say, effected the hegemony)the lower classes instead of using the administrative machineries. 2. As a result of three years'co-operative researhes, we attained to make apparent that, (1) first, in England, the upper gentry(upper-middle in 16th century)inder the Tudor's reign, especially those appointed to the Groom of Stool(in Excheguer)became influential by standing on King's private ceremony, in 18th century middle class coming in the midot of the gentry and populace, joint in moneyed interest with the former, absorbed the gentlemen's culture in town(conspicious consommation, for exampb) ; at the end of 19th century City's financial circles were identified with gentlemen's society and gentlemanly capitalism. (2) Secondly, in France, there has never been 'integral classe' as English gentlemen.'Anobli' despite of its intermediating place among noble and upper bourgeois, did not combine them, Neither Imperial nobles(1808-1814)did not constitute the mixed-3one. But those are interesting in our point of view, because they represented the meritocracy, which attracted the mind of middle class especially imperial military candidates. It was not before the Third Republic that the middle became independently hegemonial, what was attainable by offering the chances for the social promotion to the lower class. (3) In Germany, a part of middle class entered into the noble by buying knight's lands in 19th century. We get sight of these two classes in conflict on one side, and alliance on another side.