Shamanism and the Cincept of Nature in Western Amazonia

亚马逊流域的开发正在迅速推进，特别是在亚马逊西部地区。在这项研究中，我们重点关注了环境和社会问题的关键人物，如萨满、魔法治疗师、巫医和传教士。虽然我们研究的一些土著居民生活在偏远地区，但尽管我们停留的时间相对较短，但我们可以收集到有价值的数据。研究的主要民族有：安提拉地区的Satere-Maue族、朱鲁阿地区上下的Kulina族、朱鲁阿地区上的Kaxinawa族、圣加布里埃尔达卡乔里亚的东方Tucano族、Bia地区的Katukina族、Javari地区的Matis族和Canamari族、朱鲁阿地区上的Kampa族。至于非土著社会，研究了以下地区和社区：Tabatinga/Leticia、iquitos、里约热内卢Negro、上里约热内卢Jurua、上里约热内卢Purus以及圣代姆博士社区（Doctorine of Santo Daime），如Ceu do Mapia。库利纳人和卡西纳瓦人记录了萨满教的仪式和歌曲，而图卡诺人的萨满教咒语被记录下来并翻译成葡萄牙语。莱蒂西亚研究了被称为curandeiro/curandero的神奇治疗者（巫医）的活动。迷幻植物的使用被不同种族和宗教团体的许多成员广泛调查。一些成员还在土著人民的宗教活动方面参与了巴西印第安人全国基金会、天主教组织，如印第安人国际联合会和非洲国家办事处的活动。为了了解各民族的环境观，还采用了绘图法。

The development of the Amazon Basin is rapidly advancing especialy in the western Amazonia.In this research, we focused on the key persons of environmental and social problems, such as shamans, magical healers, medicine men, and missionaries.Though some of the indigenous people we researched live in the remote areas, we could collect valuable data in spite of our relatively short stay.The major ethnic groups studied were as follows : the Satere-Maue of Rio Andira, the Kulina of lower and upper Rio Jurua, the Kaxinawa of upper Rio Jurua, the oriental Tucano of Sao Gabriel da Cachoeria, the Katukina of Rio Bia, the Matis and Canamari of Rio Javari, and the Kampa of upper Rio Jurua.As for the non-indigenous societies, the following areas and communities were researched : Tabatinga/Leticia, iquitos, Rio Negro, upper Rio Jurua, upper Rio Purus, and communities of the Doctorine of Santo Daime such as Ceu do Mapia.Shamanistic rituals and songs were registered among the Kulina and Kaxinawa, while the shamanistic incantations of the Tucano were recorded and translated into Portugese. Activities of magical healers (medicine men) called curandeiro/curandero were researched in Leticia.The use of hallucinatory plants was investigated widely by many members in various ethnic groups and religious communities.The activities of FUNAI (National Foundation of Indian, Brazil), Catholic organizations such as CIMI and OPAN were also picked up by some members in relation to the religous activities of indigenous people.In order to understand environmental views of ethnic groups, drawing method was also applied among others.