Coordination Funds

在向波动能源过渡的过程中，廉价、不依赖于地点和节省资源的电能存储是尚未解决的核心问题。一种可能的解决方案是卡诺电池（CBs）的新兴技术，在这种技术中，电能通过高温热泵转化为热能，然后储存在水、石头或熔盐等廉价材料中，然后在需要时通过蒸汽涡轮机等方式转化为电能。热力学原理已经为人所知很长时间了，然而，迄今为止还没有基于基本原理和目标的通用方法来设计或评估它们。卡诺电池是一个复杂的耦合时变系统，具有大量的组件和自由度。公布的效率和成本很少得到核实，或只适用于特定的系统；与未来能源市场的整合尚未探索。该优先程序（SPP）的根本新方法是全面的逆自上而下的设计方法，它从目标变量（市场）开始，逐步向更小的方向发展，旨在优化设计和优化操作模式，具有相应的循环，存储，机器和流体（分子），并依次优化组合这些组件-迄今为止尚未考虑到。特别是工质及其混合物与工艺配置和工艺参数的协同优化，找到了技术经济极限。一个跨学科的SPP团队将调查CBs的市场需求和局限性。通过建立一个新的跨学科社区，预计将在方法和内容方面获得大量知识，这些知识可用于进一步的能源技术问题。这将在相互建立和密切合作的反向排列的项目区域中完成：A -能源市场的卡诺电池，B -卡诺电池设计，C -卡诺电池组件。SPP的工作将由一个共享的卡诺电池实验室进行汇总和验证，该实验室将在协调项目中建立，可由SPP的参与者用于验证他们的模型，并用于研究CB不同互连部分的耦合。参与者之间的合作与交流将通过组织研讨会、学生交流、研讨会，并包括来自不同学科的国际知名科学家的参与来协调。协调项目将促进和管理研究数据的管理，并将结果传达给公众。

The inexpensive, location-independent, and resource-saving storage of electrical energy is the central unsolved problem in the transition to fluctuating energy sources. One possible solution would be the emerging technology of Carnot batteries (CBs), where electrical energy is converted into heat by high-temperature heat pumps, which are then stored in inexpensive materials such as water, stones, or molten salts, and then converted back into electrical energy as needed, e.g., by means of steam turbines. The thermodynamic principle has been known for a long time, nevertheless there are so far no general methods for their design or their evaluation based on the fundamentals and the objectives. Carnot batteries are complex coupled, time-varying systems with a large number of components and degrees of freedom. Published efficiencies and costs are rarely verified or apply only to specific systems; integration into future energy markets is unexplored. The fundamentally new approach of this priority program (SPP) is the comprehensive inverse top-down design methodology, which, starting from the target variables (market) step by step towards the smaller, aims at the optimal design as well as optimal modes of operation, with corresponding cycles, storages, machines, and fluids (molecule), and in turn optimally combines these components - which have not been considered so far. Especially the working fluids and their mixtures are co-optimized with the process configurations and process parameters to find the technical and economical limits. The market needs and the limits of CBs is to be investigated by an interdisciplinary SPP team. By building up a new interdisciplinary community, a high methodological and content-related gain in knowledge is expected, which is transferable to further energy-technological questions. This will be done in the inversely arranged project areas, which build on each other and cooperate intensely: A - Carnot batteries in energy markets, B - Design of Carnot batteries, C - Components for Carnot batteries. The work of the SPP will be pooled and validated by a shared Carnot battery laboratory, which will be set-up within the coordination project and can be used by the participants of the SPP for validation of their models and for investigating the coupling of different interconnected parts of a CB. The cooperation and exchange between the participants will be coordinated, by organizing workshops, student exchanges, seminars, and includes the involvement of internationally renowned scientists from different disciplines. The management of research data will be facilitated and managed by the coordination project, as well as the communication of the results to the public.