Red Tides and Their Environmental Impacts in WESTPAC Area

开展了关于有害浮游生物、鱼类和贝类的分布和中毒发生情况的合作实地调查，以澄清危地马拉和亚洲国家有害浮游生物的繁殖和扩展机制。1995年7月，与这些国家的科学家举行了一次科学会议，以开发和标准化技术。在危地马拉太平洋海岸的魁萨莱斯港，发现了有害的甲藻密集繁殖。太平洋沿岸发现了有毒品系的浮游生物和包囊，而大西洋海岸发现了可能无毒品系的浮游生物和包囊。它们的形状不同，但在生理上相似，都是在富含海水的介质中缓慢生长，需要挖土。在印度尼西亚东部，发现巴哈马赤眼蜂在哈尔马赫拉岛的考湾和安邦岛的安邦湾开花。在两个海湾都发现了该物种的休眠包囊。这些海湾靠近巴布亚新几内亚，在那里，Bahamense首次在亚洲水域出现水华。在印度尼西亚东部发现该物种对于弄清该物种的传播路线具有重要意义，并认为有必要在更广泛的区域进行持续调查。在印度尼西亚西部的雅加达湾和邦加岛发现了巴哈门氏原虫。在印度尼西亚和泰国的虾池中，有毒的甲藻亚历山大藻(Alexandrium Minutom)被发现开花并杀死虾。1993年，在马来西亚马六甲海峡沿岸，两种有毒甲藻--链状裸藻和塔尼氏亚历山大藻暴发，可能引起PSP中毒。在菲律宾，巴门氏原虫反复发作十余年，共发生PSP病例2000余例，其中死亡170例。在热带国家首次证实了由Dinophysis产生的DSP毒素在贝类中的积累。

Cooperative field surveys on distribution of harmful plankton, fish and shell-fish and occurrence of poisoning were conducted to clarify the blooming and expansion mechanisms of the harmful plankton in Guatemala and Asian countries. In July 1995, a scientific meeting was held with scientists of these countries to develop and standardize technique.At Puerto Quezales of the Pacific coast of Guatemala, a dense bloom of the harmful dinoflagellate, Cochlodinium polykrikoides, was found. Plankton and cyst of the toxic strain of Pyrodnium bahamense were found in the Pacific coast, whereas those of possibly non-toxic strain in the Atlantic coast. They differ in their shape, but physiologically similar in growing slowly in enriched sea-water medium, requiring soil-extract.In eastern Indonesia, P.bahamense was found to make blooms at Kao Bay of Halmahera Island and Ambon Bay of Ambon Island. Resting cysts of the species were detected in both bays. The bays were near to Papua New Guinea, where P.bahamense bloomed for the first time in Asian waters. The finding of the species in the eastern Indonesia is important to clarify spreading route of the species, and continuous survey in wider area is thought to be necessary. In western Indonesia P.bahamense was found in Jakarta Bay and Bangka Island.At shrimp ponds in Indonesia and Thailand, the toxic dinoflagellate, Alexandrium minutum, was found to bloom and kill shrimps. But mechanism of the mass mortality has not been clarified yet.Along Malaysian coast of Malacca Strait, two toxic dinoflagellates, Gymnodinium catenatum and Alexandrium tamiy av anichii bloomed and might cause PSP poisoning occurred in 1993.In Philippijnes P.bahamense recurred for more than ten years with PSP cases of more than 2000 patients including 170 fatal ones. Accumulation of DSP toxin produced by Dinophysis in shellfish was confirmed for the first time in tropical countries.