Study on development of comprehensive measurement system for evaluating "the environmental fluxes"in farmland

对农田环境敏感的物理和化学通量（以下简称“环境通量”）的评价是建立可持续农业系统或保护区域环境的基础性问题。本研究开发了一套能准确、全面测量环境通量的系统。旨在揭示土壤系统和农田环境中的各种物质流。主要表现在三个方面：1.土壤系统的热环境和水环境：土壤系统中的热量和水分流动在不同尺度上进行了观测，从柱（实验室）到野外。还通过数值模拟对流动进行了评估，并考虑了主导这些流动的物理因素。此外，还开发了一种利用TDR测量土壤冻结和融化深度的新技术。研究结果表明，该技术在田间试验中，特别是在解冻过程中，具有很好的应用前景 ...更多信息 气候学（蒸散）：进行实验和观测以测量和评估蒸散。在西兰花领域，气候因素的测量在短时间内，高精度。然后，蒸散特性推导采用能量平衡法。据此确定了不同生育期的作物系数。在实验室中，提出了一种基于声发射传感的蒸腾速率独立测量方法。3.流域水文环境：测定了高地和邻近林区的洪水径流及其水质。通过对流域内雨水和径流水质的分析，计算了流域内的径流负荷和物质平衡等化学通量。通过建立径流模型和水质模型，计算了径流组分，并进行了比较。两个模型之间的相互验证也进行了。少

For creating sustainable agriculture system or peserving the regional environment, evaluation of physical and chemical fluxes (referred here as "the environmental fluxes"), which are sensitive to the environment related to farmland, is of a fundamental issue. In this research, systems to accurately and comprehensively the measure environmental fluxes were developed. They were aimed to reveal various mass flows in soil system and the farmland environment. There were mainly three achievements.1.Thermal and watery environment in soil system : Heat and water flows in soil system were observed in various scales, from columns (in the laboratory) to the field. The flows were also evaluated through numerical simulations, and physical factors which dominated these flows were considered. Furthermore, a new technique for measuring frozen and melted depths of soil using the TDR was developed. It was confirmed that this technique was very useful in the field, especially under thawing process.2.Agro … More climatology (Evapotranspiration) : Experiments and observation were conducted for measurement and evaluation of evapotranspiration. In the broccoli field, climatic factors were measured in short time interval with high accuracy. Then, evapotranspiration properties were derived employing the energy balance method. With this result, crop coefficients to different growing stages were determined. In the laboratory, a new method based on sensing acoustic emission was introduced to measure transpiration independently. The result was agreeable for wood plants.3.Hydrological environment at basin level : Flood runoff and its quality from upland fields and adjoining forest area were measured. Through the analysis on water quality of rainwater and runoff water, chemical fluxes such as runoff loads and mass balance in the basins were calculated. Then, with constructing runoff and water quality models, runoff components were calculated and compared. Inter-verification between both models was also carried out. Less