Studies of urban systems of the U.S.A., Australia, Italy and Canada from the Standpoint of the economic management function

本研究旨在从经济管理职能的角度分析美国、澳大利亚、意大利和加拿大的城市体系，不仅分析这些国家的城市体系，而且将这些国家与我所分析的其他国家进行比较。关于美国，我可以指出，美国没有任何一个城市有很多大企业的总部。从这一点来看，纽约是美国第一大城市。但纽约只占美国所有大企业总部的4.3%。关于分支机构的数量，芝加哥是美国排名第一的城市。纽约在这一点上排名第八。华盛顿特区是美国的首都，但这个首都没有很多总公司，也没有很多分支机构。关于澳大利亚和意大利，我分析了总部的方面。在澳大利亚，悉尼拥有最多的总部。第二个城市是墨尔本。在意大利，罗马拥有最多的总部。堪培拉是澳大利亚的首府。但是，这座城市没有太多的总部。这种情况类似于美国和西德的情况，在那里，尽管波恩是首都，但没有很多总公司或分支机构。政治制度和历史因素对这三个国家的城市体系的这一方面非常重要。多伦多是加拿大城市中总部最多的。蒙特利尔和卡尔加里也有很多总部。关于分行，蒙特利尔是加拿大排名第一的城市。从这一功能的角度来看，多伦多和蒙特利尔是加拿大的两个重要城市。这两个国家的大企业在另一个城市有很多分支机构。从本研究的结果可以得出结论，这两个大城市之间有着很强的功能联系。

This study aims to analyze the urban systems of the U.S.A., Australia, Italy and Canada from the standpoint of the economic management function, This study aims not only to analyze the urban systems of these countries but also to compare these countries and the other countries which I have analyzed.About the U.S.A., I can indicate that the U.S.A.does not have any city with many head offices of big enterprises. From this point, New York is the number one city in the U.S.A.. But New York has only 4.3% of all big enterprises' head offices in the U.S.A.. About the number of branches, Chicago is the number one city in the U.S.A.. The position of New York is 8th in this point. Washington D.C.is the capital of the U.S.A., but this capital does not have many head offices nor many branches. About Australia and Italy, I analyzed the aspect of head offices. In Australia, Sydney has the most head offices. The second city is Melbourne. In Italy, Rome has the most head offices. Canberra is the capital of Ausralia. But, this city does not have many head offices. This situation is similar to the one of the U.S.A.and West Germany, where Bonn, despite being the capital, does not have many head offices nor many branches. Political systems and historical factors are very important for this aspect of urban systems in these three countries.Toronto has the most head offices among Canadian cities. Montreal and Calgary have many head offices, too. About the branches, Montreal is the number one city in Canada. Toronto and Montreal are two importan cities in Canada from the standpoint of this function. Big enterprises based in these two countries have many branches in the other city. From the results of this study, I can conclude that these two big cities have strong functional relations with each other.