A Study of the Elderly and Folkways Relating to Death in the Aging Society

这是一项关于老年人和老龄化社会问题的民俗学研究。它基于对近木地区进行的实地调查，作为传统农村社区的典型案例，在小柳郊区奈良，以及作为传统城市社区的典型案例，在东山区的京都区宫崎县进行的实地调查。大谷村是一个以宫藏或当地神社教区议会的存续而闻名的村庄，并因实行两重坟墓制度而闻名。调查揭示了以下几点。首先，领导宫廷的长老(乔殊)行使特殊的权威，受到村民的深切尊重。虽然权威和尊重集中在特定的时间和地点的神社仪式，但长老的存在和长寿的价值在村庄生活的各个方面都得到了默许，不仅是他们的妻子、子女和孙子，而且是所有村民。第二，在乡村生活中心…的背景下村民们更多地依靠对守护神(Ujigami)的宗教服务，在日常生活中几乎将死亡的烦恼避免到了极致。死者实际埋葬的区域位于距离村庄一段距离的一座山上，而纪念他们的陵墓位于离村庄相对较近的地方。我们可以推测宫座领导的仪式和“双墓”习俗之间存在联系，反映了对死亡的忌讳。京都的宫崎区是一个典型的传统商业区，从昭德时代(1711-16年)开始，就在城内的安坂神社前面。调查揭示了以下几点。在这种类型的商业区，店主家庭的安置率较低，人与人之间的互动更多地是由职业情况而不是家庭单位推动的。因此，虽然一些老年人出于他们作为历史悠久的商人之家(Shinise)成员的责任感和能力，在当地的Yasaka神社节日中发挥作用，但也有一些人最近搬出或迁入社区。因此，并非所有的老一辈人都参加社区活动。他们退休后的活动往往是相当多样化的，有些是通过参加老年公民协会(Rojinkai)，以响应政府为老年人提供的福利计划而组织的，另一些是通过基于其职业和工作过程中建立的个人关系而进行的个人追求。较少

This is a folkloristic study of the elderly and problems of the aging society. It is based on field surveys in the Kinki region conducted in the Oyagyu suburb of Nara, as a typical case of a traditional rural community, and in the Kyoto district of Gion Yasaka in Higashiyama ward, as a typical case of a traditional urban community.Oyagyu is a village noted for the survival of the miyaza or council of local shrine parishioners and by the practice of the ryobo-sei ("double-grave") system. The survey revealed the following points. First, the elders (choroshu) who lead the miyaza exercise special authority and receive deep respect from the villagers. Although the authority and respect are concentrated in the specific time and place of shrine rituals, the presence of the elders and the value of longevity are tacitly recognized in various aspects of village life, not only by their wives, children, and grandchildren but by all the villagers. Second, against the backdrop of a village life cent … More ering on religious services dedicated to the tutelary deities (ujigami), the villagers avoid the defilement of death almost to the extreme in their daily lives. The area where the dead are actually interred is on a mountain some distance from the village, while the tombs memorializing them are located relatively close to the village. We may surmise that there is a connection between the miyaza-led rituals and the "double-grave" practice, reflecting the taboos on death defilement (shiwai kihi).The Gion Yasaka area in the city of Kyoto is a typical traditional business district that grew up from the Shotoku era (1711-16) onward in front of Gion's Yasaka Shrine. The survey revealed the following points. In a commercial district of this type, the settlement rate of shopkeeper households is low, and interaction among people is prompted more by occupational situations than by household units. Therefore, while some elderly persons who, out of their sense of duty and ability as members of long-established merchant houses (shinise), play a role in the local Yasaka Shrine festivals, there are others who have more recently moved out of, or into, the community. Not all members of the older generation, therefore, participate in community activities. Their post-retirement activities tend to be quite diverse, some by taking part in the senior citizen's associations (rojinkai) organized in response to government-related welfare programs for the elderly, and others through individual pursuits based on personal relations acquired in the course of their careers and work. Less