NON-WELFARISTIC FOUNDATIONS OF WELFARE ECONOMICS-PROCEDURAL FAIRNESS AND CONSEQUENTIALISM

传统的规范经济学是在信息论的基础上发展起来的，信息论的有限性表现在三个不同的意义上。福利主义（welfare - ism）：在评估一个经济系统的表现时，传统的规范经济学只把注意力集中在所讨论的经济系统产生的后果上，而对后果的评估是根据人们从这些后果中享受到的福利来进行的，从而忽视了后果的非福利主义特征以及机会和程序的非后果性特征。顺序论：根据人们从这些结果中享受到的福利来评价一个经济制度的后果时，假设福利在本质上是顺序的，从而完全忽视了福利的根本重要性。人际间的不可比较性：福利不仅被认为是有序的，而且被认为是人际间的不可比较性。已经有几次尝试……更多的文献试图超越2。和3。也就是说，通过允许个人福利的基数性和/或个人福利的人际可比性，我们可以获得什么样的理论进步。这个项目是一个超越我的尝试。即超越福利主义-结果主义的界限，甚至超越结果主义本身，我们能获得什么样的理论进步。我们提供了一些有说服力的理由，让人们沿着这些不熟悉的道路前进。我们还表明，即使在福利主义-结果主义的成熟领域之外，我们仍然可以进行严格的理论分析。具体地说，我们已经确立了以下结果：(a)我们提供了结果主义和非结果主义概念的简洁公理化。(b)我们已经证明，如果我们超越福利主义-结果主义，关于民主和理性社会选择的阿罗维不可能定理就会消散。(c)我们已经表明，程序的内在价值可以得到适当的考虑，罗尔斯的纯粹程序正义概念可以在理论上进行深入的分析。(d)我们建议，这些新颖的办法为对诸如总协定/世贸组织制度等具体经济机构进行有启发性的分析开辟了新的途径。少

Traditional normative economics has been developed on the informational basis which is restrictive in three distinct senses.1. Welfarism : In evaluating the performance of an economic system, traditional normative economics has focussed its attention exclusively on the consequences generated by the economic system in question, and that the evaluation of consequences has been conducted in terms of welfares people enjoy from these consequences, thereby neglecting the non-welfaristic characteristics of consequences and the non-consequential characteristics of opportunities and procedures.2. Ordinalism : In evaluating the consequences of an economic system in terms of welfares people enjoy from these consequences, it is assumed that welfares are ordinal in nature, thereby neglecting cardinal importance of welfares altogether.3. Interpersonal Non-Comparability : Not only are welfares deemed ordinal, but also they are deemed interpersonally non-comparable.There are already several attempts i … More n the literature to go beyond 2. and 3., viz., to ask what kind of theoretical progress we can attain by permitting cardinality of individual welfares and/or interpersonal comparability of individual welfares. This project was an attempt to go beyond 1., viz., to ask what kind of theoretical progress we can attain by going beyond the boundary of welfarist-consequentialism or even beyond consequentialism as such. We have provided some persuasive reasons to go along these unfamiliar avenues. We have also shown that we can still conduct rigorous theoretical analysis even outside the well-cultivated territory of welfarist-consequentialism. In concrete terms, we have established the following results :(a) We have provided a neat axiomatization of the concept of consequentialism and non-consequentialism.(b) We have shown that the Arrovian impossibility theorem on the democratic and rational social choice can be dissipated if we go beyond welfarist-consequentialism.(c) We have shown that the intrinsic value of procedures can be properly taken into consideration and the Rawlsian concept of pure procedural justice can be neatly analysed in theoretical depth.(d) We have suggested that these novel approach open a new passage towards an illuminating analysis of such concrete economic institutions as GATT/WTO regime. Less