A INVESTIGATION AND CONSIDERATION ON OPEN/CLOSED CHARACTER OF CONTEMPORARY JAPANESE DWELLINGS

通过我们对日本住宅的调查，我们试图表明住宅正逐渐变得更加封闭。本报告以福井县的4个村为对象，对农村社区进行了调查，探讨了使住宅恢复开放感的措施和提高社区精神的方法。我们讨论了传统民居的平面类型，并描述了近年来这种形式是如何逐渐改变的，以及每个村庄是如何保持开放感的。本文提出新建住宅应与周围空间保持联系，并通过对八个城市多单元住宅案例的观察和对九位规划师和建筑师的访谈，探讨了使住宅向社区开放所需的空间条件，以及如何在居民中创造社区精神。我们提出以下要求：（1）居住者日常生活领域的连续性（2）确保居住者个性表达的场所（3）将居住者的日常家居生活引向共享空间（4）“与地面接触”的重要性（5）共享空间的适当规模和多样性（6）小群体的形成在神户大地震的灾后住宅重建中，住宅的设计变得统一，社会团结感被抹去，住宅与城市景观和环境隔离开来。本文介绍了开放性住宅设计的几个例子和集体住宅的例子，并对住宅的开放性和社区感的未来趋势进行了思考，讨论了基于对人性化住宅理解的设计的重要性。

Through our survey of Japanese dwellings, we have attempted to show that dwellings are gradually becoming more closed to the outside community. Our report considers measures to return the sense of openness to dwellings and ways to enhance the sense of community spirit.Our survey of rural communities focused on four villages in Fukui Prefecture. We discuss the plan-type of the traditional dwellings and describe how this form has gradually changed in recent years, and how each village is managing to maintain their sense of openness. We propose that new-build houses should maintain a link with their surrounding spaces.Through our observations of eight cases of multiple-unit urban housing and our interviews to nine persons of planners and architects, we consider the spatial conditions necessary to make it more open to communities and how to create a sense of community spirit among residents. We poit out the follwing requirements : (1)Continuity of occupants' territoty of daily life (2)Ensuring places for expressing occupants' character (3)Directing occupants' daily home life toward shared spaces (4)The importance of the feeling of being "in-touch with the ground" (5)Suitable scale and variety of shared spaces (6)The formation of small groupsAs for post-disaster housing reconstruction of the Great Hanshin Earthquake, the design of dwellings has become uniform, the sense of social togetherness has been erased and the housings are isolated from the surroundig townscape and environment. We introduce a few examples of dwellings designed with openness in mind, and examples of collective-housing.Finally, we consider the future trends in openness and sense of community in housing, and discuss the importance of design based on an understanding of human-oriented dwellings.