Phylogenetic analysis of chromophyte-related colorless flagellates

色生植物或异点藻类是自养真核生物的巨大组合，和绿色植物一样大。它由各种含叶绿素c的藻类组成，如蝶藻科、硅藻科、黄藻科、刺藻科和斑藻科。在色植物谱系中，还包括异养分类群。这些是卵菌真菌（假真菌），下壶菌，迷宫菌（网黏菌），它们传统上被归类为真菌，以及原生动物鞭毛虫生物。包括自养型色生植物和异养型真菌及鞭毛虫的分类群被称为层菌，这些色生植物被认为是由异养型成员通过与红藻相关的真核生物的次生内共生获得叶绿体而产生的。研究了双生藻类自助藻的一般超微结构和鞭毛器，并与色生藻类进行了比较。结果表明，该植物具有同源的鞭毛/基体和鞭毛细根。R3特别重要，因为它负责喂养食物颗粒，食物摄取发生在R3的两个分裂的微管束之间的区域，就像在金藻科的Ochromonadales及其相关属（Ochromonadales）一样。这一结果表明，在蝶科中已知的吞噬能力是在层堆动物早期进化中出现的一种单纯形态。还对发育菌（Developayella sp. 11 .）进行了研究。它也有类似于自助餐厅的R3，并且食物摄取发生在细胞的同一部分，这表明R3介导的摄食广泛分布于层桩虫的异养鞭毛虫中。双螺旋结构与卵菌真菌的结构相似。系统发育分析表明，发育菌是卵菌真菌的近亲。通过超微结构对比和18SrDNA分析，探讨了叠层堆的早期演化。少

The chromophytes or hetrokoint algae is a huge assemblage of autotrophic eukaryotes and as big as the green plants. It comprises various classes of chlorophyll c containing algae such as the Chrysophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Xanthophyceae, Raphidophyceae and Phaeophyceae. In the lineage of the chromophytes, heterotrophic taxa are also included. These are oomycete fungi (pseudofungi), hyphochytrids, labyrhintulids (net slime molds), which were traditionally classified as fungi, and protozoan flagellates bisocoecids. The taxon including both autotrophic chromophytes and heterotrophic fungi and flagellates is called the stramenopiles, and the chromophytes is believed to have arisen from heterotrophic members through acquisition of the chloroplast by secondary endosymbiosis of red-algae related eukaryote.General ultrastructure and the flagellar apparatus of Cafeteria, a member of the bicosoecids, was examined and compared with chromophyte algae. It was revealed that Cafeteria had homologou … More s flagella/basal bodies and flagellar rootlets. The R3 was especially important, because it was responsible for feeding food particles and food uptake took place in the area between two split bundles of microtubules of the R3 just as in Ochromonas and allied genera (Ochromonadales) in the Chrysophyceae. This result suggested that the phagocytotic ability known in the Chrysophyceae was a symplesiomorphy which appeared in early evolution of the stramenopiles.Developayella sp. nov. (taxon incertae sedis) was also examined. It also had the R3 similar to Cafeteria and food uptake took place at the same portion of the cell, suggesting the R3-mediated feeding is widely distributed in heterotrophic flagellates of the stramenopiles. In Developayella double helix, a structure similar to that of the oomycete fungi, is present. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that Developayella was a close relative of the oomycete fungi. Based on ultrastructural comparison and 18SrDNA analyses, early evolution of the stramenopiles was discussed. Less